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Trees are among the longest-living organisms. They are sensitive to extreme climatic events and document the effects of environmental changes in form of structural modifications of their tissues. These modifications represent an integrated signal of complex biological responses enforced by the environment. For example, temporal change in stem increment integrates multiple information of tree performance, and wood anatomical traits may be altered by climatic extremes or environmental stress. Recent developments in preparative tools and computational image analysis enable to quantify changes in wood anatomical features, like vessel density or vessel size. Thus, impacts on their functioning can be related to climatic forcing factors. Similarly, new developments in monitoring (cambial) phenology and mechanistic modelling are enlightening the interrelationships between environmental factors, wood formation and tree performance and mortality. Quantitative wood anatomy is a reliable indicator of drought occurrence during the growing season, and therefore has been studied intensively in recent years. The variability in wood anatomy not only alters the biological and hydraulic functioning of a tree, but may also influence the technological properties of wood, with substantial impacts in forestry. On a larger scale, alterations of sapwood and phloem area and their ratios to other functional traits provide measures to detect changes in a tree’s life functions, and increasing risk of drought-induced mortality with possible impacts on hydrological processes and species composition of plant communities. Genetic variability within and across populations is assumed to be crucial for species survival in an unpredictable future world. The magnitude of genetic variation and heritability of adaptive traits might define the ability to adapt to climate change. Is there a relation between genetic variability and resilience to climate change? Is it possible to link genetic expression and climate change to obtain deeper knowledge of functional genetics? To derive precise estimates of genetic determinism it is important to define adaptive traits in wood properties and on a whole-tree scale. Understanding the mechanisms ruling these processes is fundamental to assess the impact of extreme climate events on forest ecosystems, and to provide realistic scenarios of tree responses to changing climates. Wood is also a major carbon sink with a long-term residence, impacting the global carbon cycle. How well do we understand the link between wood growth dynamics, wood carbon allocation and the global carbon cycle? Papers contribution to this Research Topic will cover a wide range of ecosystems. However, special relevance will be given to Mediterranean-type areas. These involve coastal regions of four continents, making Mediterranean-type ecosystems extremely interesting for investigating the potential impacts of global change on growth and for studying responses of woody plants under extreme environmental conditions. For example, the ongoing trend towards warmer temperatures and reduced precipitation can increase the susceptibility to fire and pests. The EU-funded COST Action STREeSS (Studying Tree Responses to extreme Events: a SynthesiS) addresses such crucial tree biological and forest ecological issues by providing a collection of important methodological and scientific insights, about the current state of knowledge, and by opinions for future research needs.

Tree response --- Genetic plasticity --- mechanistic modeling --- wood functional traits --- Extreme climate events --- Ecophysiology --- Manipulation experiments --- forest management

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The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can be broadly divided into several regions: the stomach, the small intestine (which is subdivided to duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and the colon. The conditions and environment in each of these segments, and even within the segment, are dependent on many factors, e.g., the surrounding pH, fluid composition, transporters expression, metabolic enzymes activity, tight junction resistance, different morphology along the GIT, variable intestinal mucosal cell differentiation, changes in drug concentration (in cases of carrier-mediated transport), thickness and types of mucus, and resident microflora. Each of these variables, alone or in combination with others, can fundamentally alter the solubility/dissolution, the intestinal permeability, and the overall absorption of various drugs. This is the underlying mechanistic basis of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption, which has led to many attempts to deliver drugs to specific regions throughout the GIT, aiming to optimize drug absorption, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and/or pharmacodynamics. In the book "Regional Intestinal Drug Absorption: Biopharmaceutics and Drug Formulation" we aim to highlight the current progress and to provide an overview of the latest developments in the field of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption and delivery, as well as pointing out the unmet needs of the field.

Medicine --- Pharmaceutical industries --- bioequivalence --- Biopharmaceutics Classification System --- in vitro --- dissolution test --- pravastatin --- oral absorption --- in silico modeling --- GastroPlus --- Phoenix WinNonlin --- pharmacokinetics --- clinical studies --- ibuprofen --- manometry --- gastrointestinal --- mechanistic modeling --- PBPK --- PBBM --- disintegration --- dissolution --- enteric-coated --- ICH --- quality control --- regional intestinal permeability --- permeation enhancers --- absorption-modifying excipients --- oral peptide delivery --- intestinal perfusion --- pharmaceutical development --- controlled release drug product --- biopharmaceutics classification system --- drug solubility --- drug permeability --- location-dependent absorption --- segregated flow intestinal model (SFM) --- traditional model (TM) --- route-dependent intestinal metabolism --- first-pass effect --- drug-drug interactions --- DDI --- in vitro in vivo extrapolations --- IVIVE --- zero-order absorption --- first-order absorption --- combined zero- and first-order absorption --- transit compartment absorption model --- in situ perfusion --- microdevices --- shape --- mucoadhesion --- colon absorption --- nutrient digestion --- nutrient absorption --- gastrointestinal hormone --- postprandial glycaemia --- energy intake --- region of the gut --- obesity --- type 2 diabetes --- Franz–PAMPA --- BCS drugs --- biomimetic membrane --- Franz cell --- passive drug transport --- BCS class IV drugs --- segmental-dependent intestinal permeability --- intestinal absorption --- oral drug delivery --- biopharmaceutics --- physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling --- furosemide --- intestinal permeability --- human colon carcinoma cell layer (Caco-2) --- hierarchical support vector regression (HSVR) --- drug absorption --- drug solubility/dissolution --- regional/segmental-dependent permeability and absorption --- bioequivalence --- Biopharmaceutics Classification System --- in vitro --- dissolution test --- pravastatin --- oral absorption --- in silico modeling --- GastroPlus --- Phoenix WinNonlin --- pharmacokinetics --- clinical studies --- ibuprofen --- manometry --- gastrointestinal --- mechanistic modeling --- PBPK --- PBBM --- disintegration --- dissolution --- enteric-coated --- ICH --- quality control --- regional intestinal permeability --- permeation enhancers --- absorption-modifying excipients --- oral peptide delivery --- intestinal perfusion --- pharmaceutical development --- controlled release drug product --- biopharmaceutics classification system --- drug solubility --- drug permeability --- location-dependent absorption --- segregated flow intestinal model (SFM) --- traditional model (TM) --- route-dependent intestinal metabolism --- first-pass effect --- drug-drug interactions --- DDI --- in vitro in vivo extrapolations --- IVIVE --- zero-order absorption --- first-order absorption --- combined zero- and first-order absorption --- transit compartment absorption model --- in situ perfusion --- microdevices --- shape --- mucoadhesion --- colon absorption --- nutrient digestion --- nutrient absorption --- gastrointestinal hormone --- postprandial glycaemia --- energy intake --- region of the gut --- obesity --- type 2 diabetes --- Franz–PAMPA --- BCS drugs --- biomimetic membrane --- Franz cell --- passive drug transport --- BCS class IV drugs --- segmental-dependent intestinal permeability --- intestinal absorption --- oral drug delivery --- biopharmaceutics --- physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling --- furosemide --- intestinal permeability --- human colon carcinoma cell layer (Caco-2) --- hierarchical support vector regression (HSVR) --- drug absorption --- drug solubility/dissolution --- regional/segmental-dependent permeability and absorption

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can be broadly divided into several regions: the stomach, the small intestine (which is subdivided to duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and the colon. The conditions and environment in each of these segments, and even within the segment, are dependent on many factors, e.g., the surrounding pH, fluid composition, transporters expression, metabolic enzymes activity, tight junction resistance, different morphology along the GIT, variable intestinal mucosal cell differentiation, changes in drug concentration (in cases of carrier-mediated transport), thickness and types of mucus, and resident microflora. Each of these variables, alone or in combination with others, can fundamentally alter the solubility/dissolution, the intestinal permeability, and the overall absorption of various drugs. This is the underlying mechanistic basis of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption, which has led to many attempts to deliver drugs to specific regions throughout the GIT, aiming to optimize drug absorption, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and/or pharmacodynamics. In the book "Regional Intestinal Drug Absorption: Biopharmaceutics and Drug Formulation" we aim to highlight the current progress and to provide an overview of the latest developments in the field of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption and delivery, as well as pointing out the unmet needs of the field.

bioequivalence --- Biopharmaceutics Classification System --- in vitro --- dissolution test --- pravastatin --- oral absorption --- in silico modeling --- GastroPlus --- Phoenix WinNonlin --- pharmacokinetics --- clinical studies --- ibuprofen --- manometry --- gastrointestinal --- mechanistic modeling --- PBPK --- PBBM --- disintegration --- dissolution --- enteric-coated --- ICH --- quality control --- regional intestinal permeability --- permeation enhancers --- absorption-modifying excipients --- oral peptide delivery --- intestinal perfusion --- pharmaceutical development --- controlled release drug product --- biopharmaceutics classification system --- drug solubility --- drug permeability --- location-dependent absorption --- segregated flow intestinal model (SFM) --- traditional model (TM) --- route-dependent intestinal metabolism --- first-pass effect --- drug-drug interactions --- DDI --- in vitro in vivo extrapolations --- IVIVE --- zero-order absorption --- first-order absorption --- combined zero- and first-order absorption --- transit compartment absorption model --- in situ perfusion --- microdevices --- shape --- mucoadhesion --- colon absorption --- nutrient digestion --- nutrient absorption --- gastrointestinal hormone --- postprandial glycaemia --- energy intake --- region of the gut --- obesity --- type 2 diabetes --- Franz–PAMPA --- BCS drugs --- biomimetic membrane --- Franz cell --- passive drug transport --- BCS class IV drugs --- segmental-dependent intestinal permeability --- intestinal absorption --- oral drug delivery --- biopharmaceutics --- physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling --- furosemide --- intestinal permeability --- human colon carcinoma cell layer (Caco-2) --- hierarchical support vector regression (HSVR) --- drug absorption --- drug solubility/dissolution --- regional/segmental-dependent permeability and absorption