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In diesem Buch werden die experimentellen Grundlagen von Teilchendetektoren und ihre Anwendung in Experimenten beschrieben. Die Entwicklung von Detektoren ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Teilchen-, Astroteilchen- und Kernphysik und gehört daher zum Handwerk des Experimentalphysikers in diesen Gebieten. Dieses umfassende Werk beinhaltet den kompletten Stoff für entsprechende Master-Module in der experimentellen Teilchenphysik, geht aber im Inhalt auch darüber hinaus. Zielgruppe sind Studierende, die sich in die Materie vertiefen möchten, aber auch Lehrende und Wissenschaftler, die das Buch zum Einstieg in das wissenschaftliche Arbeiten an Detektorentwicklungen verwenden können. Zielrichtung des Buches ist, die physikalischen Grundlagen für die Detektoren und ihrer verschiedenen Ausführungen so klar wie möglich und so tiefgehend wie nötig darzustellen. Die Breite des für die Detektorentwicklung nötigen Wissens umfasst viele Bereiche der Physik und Technik, von den Wechselwirkungen der Teilchen mit Materie, der Gas- und Festkörperphysik über Ladungstransport und Signalentstehung bis zur Mikroelektronik. Die Autoren Hermann Kolanoski ist Professor i.R. für Physik an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin und am Forschungszentrum DESY (Zeuthen). Vorher arbeitete er an den Universitäten Stanford, Bonn und Dortmund. Sein Fachgebiet ist die experimentelle Teilchen- und Astroteilchenphysik. Er forscht an den Experimenten IceCube am Südpol und ATLAS am CERN. Norbert Wermes ist Physikprofessor an der Universität Bonn mit dem Forschungsgebiet experimentelle Elementarteilchenphysik und Detektorentwicklung. Vorher forschte er an den Forschungszentren DESY und CERN sowie in Stanford und Heidelberg. Mit seiner Gruppe ist er an den Großexperimenten ATLAS (CERN) und Belle II am japanischen Forschungszentrum KEK beteiligt.

Particle acceleration. --- Physical measurements. --- Measurement   . --- Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation.

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This book highlights the fundamentals and advances in measurement science and technology applied in nuclear power engineering. Inspection of main parameters is an essential part of the operation and control of nuclear power plants. Measurement science and technology in nuclear engineering have experienced fast upgrades with the rapid advancements in computer science, sensors, lasers, and other related technologies. The book not only describes basic theories and widely used techniques but also presents novel experimental findings, newly applied techniques, and future trends that emerge with the higher and more specialized requirements of today’s nuclear power plants and other nuclear projects. The book serves as a valuable information source for scientists and a good handbook for engineers. It also contains well-arranged questions and exercises after each chapter, which makes it an excellent textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in nuclear science and technology. Additional questions and answers via app: Download the Springer Nature Flashcards app free of charge and use exclusive additional material to test your knowledge. This book is a translation of an original German edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.

Measurement. --- Measuring instruments. --- Thermodynamics. --- Nuclear engineering. --- Nuclear physics. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Nuclear Energy. --- Nuclear Physics.

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This thesis makes significant advances in the use of microspheres in optical traps as highly precise sensing platforms. While optically trapped microspheres have recently proven their dominance in aqueous and vacuum environments, achieving state-of-the-art measurements of miniscule forces and torques, their sensitivity to perturbations in air has remained relatively unexplored. This thesis shows that, by uniquely operating in air and measuring its thermally-fluctuating instantaneous velocity, an optically trapped microsphere is an ultra-sensitive probe of both mass and sound. The mass of the microsphere is determined with similar accuracy to competitive methods but in a fraction of the measurement time and all while maintaining thermal equilibrium, unlike alternative methods. As an acoustic transducer, the air-based microsphere is uniquely sensitive to the velocity of sound, as opposed to the pressure measured by a traditional microphone. By comparison to state-of-the-art commercially-available velocity and pressure sensors, including the world’s smallest measurement microphone, the microsphere sensing modality is shown to be both accurate and to have superior sensitivity at high frequencies. Applications for such high-frequency acoustic sensing include dosage monitoring in proton therapy for cancer and event discrimination in bubble chamber searches for dark matter. In addition to reporting these scientific results, the thesis is pedagogically organized to present the relevant history, theory, and technology in a straightforward way.

Atoms. --- Metrology. --- Optics. --- Measurement. --- Measuring instruments. --- Acoustics. --- Statistical Physics. --- Metrology and Fundamental Constants. --- Light-Matter Interaction. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation.

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This thesis describes two groundbreaking measurements in the precision frontier at the LHC: the first ever differential measurement of the Z-associated single top quark (tZq) production, and the luminosity measurement using Z boson production rate for the first time in CMS. Observed only in 2018, the tZq process is of great importance in probing top quark electroweak couplings. These couplings are natural places for new phenomena to happen in the top quark sector of the standard model. Yet, they are the least explored directly. One has to obtain a firm understanding of the modeling of sensitive distributions to new top-Z interactions. The present analysis marks a major milestone in this long-term effort. All distributions relevant for new phenomena, and/or modeling of tZq, are studied in full depth using advanced Machine Learning techniques.The luminosity and its uncertainty contributes to every physics result of the experiment. The method minutely developed in this thesis provides a complementary measurement that results in a significant overall reduction of uncertainties.

Particles (Nuclear physics). --- Mathematical physics. --- Measurement. --- Measuring instruments. --- Particle Physics. --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation.

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These notes describe how to average and fit numerical data that have been obtained either by simulation or measurement. Following an introduction on how to estimate various average values, they discuss how to determine error bars on those estimates, and how to proceed for combinations of measured values. Techniques for fitting data to a given set of models will be described in the second part of these notes. This primer equips readers to properly derive the results covered, presenting the content in a style suitable for a physics audience. It also includes scripts in python, perl and gnuplot for performing a number of tasks in data analysis and fitting, thereby providing readers with a useful reference guide.

Physical measurements. --- Measurement   . --- Statistics . --- Physics. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Statistics for Engineering, Physics, Computer Science, Chemistry and Earth Sciences. --- Numerical and Computational Physics, Simulation.