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The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) highlighted that conditions within Earth’s ocean are changing more rapidly than any of the time during the past 65 million years, and as a consequence, major changes are occurring in natural and human systems. While this major report as enhanced our understanding of the complexity of ocean issues, we propose this research topic as an opportunity to expand discussion on past, present and future changes across oceans regions.

ocean acidification --- corals --- deep sea --- symbiotic --- ocean warming --- cold water --- mass coral bleaching --- climate change

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This volume contains a series of papers prepared for presentation at the 14th International Coral Reef Symposium, originally planned for July 2020 in Bremen, Germany, but postponed until 2021 (online) and 2022 (in person) because of the COVID-19 pandemic. It contains a series of papers illustrating the breadth of modern studies on coral reefs and the response of the reef science community to the threats that coral reefs now face, above all from climate change. The first group of papers focus on the biology of a selection of reef organisms, ranging from sea fans to coral dwelling crabs. The next group describe studies of coral communities and ecological interactions in regions as diverse as Florida, Kenya, Colombia, and Norway. Further papers describe investigations into the effects of global warming (in the Maldives and in Timor-Leste) and of other impacts (UV blockers, ocean acidification). The final two papers describe the latest applications of satellite and camera technology to the challenge of mapping and monitoring reefs.

Research & information: general --- coral reefs --- cox1 --- H3 --- crustacea --- molecular systematics --- morphotypes --- Cassiopea xamachana --- C. frondosa --- Scyphozoan --- planulae --- settlement --- metamorphosis --- oxybenzone --- Gnathiidae --- Isopoda --- climate change --- ocean warming --- coral bleaching --- Great Barrier Reef --- Coral Triangle --- marine biomineralization --- inorganic mineralization --- ocean acidification (OA) --- omega --- dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) --- extracellular calcifying fluid (ECF) --- Maldives --- Indian Ocean --- El Niño --- mass coral bleaching --- coral mortality --- benthic cover --- satellite --- superspectral --- VHR --- topobathymetry --- LULC --- SUSC --- Moorea Island --- long-term mortality series --- population dynamics --- mass mortality --- octocorals --- habitat forming species --- extinction --- survival --- equilibrium points --- symbiodiniaceae --- zoantharians --- Trinidad coral reefs --- zooxanthellate --- biogeography --- Jaffna Peninsula --- coral mortality index --- DNA barcoding --- phylogeny --- biodiversity --- conservation --- ocean acidification --- carbonate chemistry dynamics --- biogeochemical dynamics --- in situ monitoring --- natural variability of environmental conditions --- Lophelia pertusa --- structural complexity --- coral reef --- Caribbean --- overfishing --- parrotfish --- Seaflower Biosphere Reserve --- reef ecology --- reef fish --- structure associations --- artificial structures --- symbiotic algae --- dinoflagellates --- Madagascar --- symbiosis --- coral reef ecosystem --- coral reef resilience --- global warming --- indicator species --- coral reef monitoring --- reef health --- review --- hyperspectral imaging --- marine optics --- ENSO --- temperature --- stable isotope --- coral disease --- coral health --- nutrients --- Indonesian ThroughFlow --- coral reefs --- cox1 --- H3 --- crustacea --- molecular systematics --- morphotypes --- Cassiopea xamachana --- C. frondosa --- Scyphozoan --- planulae --- settlement --- metamorphosis --- oxybenzone --- Gnathiidae --- Isopoda --- climate change --- ocean warming --- coral bleaching --- Great Barrier Reef --- Coral Triangle --- marine biomineralization --- inorganic mineralization --- ocean acidification (OA) --- omega --- dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) --- extracellular calcifying fluid (ECF) --- Maldives --- Indian Ocean --- El Niño --- mass coral bleaching --- coral mortality --- benthic cover --- satellite --- superspectral --- VHR --- topobathymetry --- LULC --- SUSC --- Moorea Island --- long-term mortality series --- population dynamics --- mass mortality --- octocorals --- habitat forming species --- extinction --- survival --- equilibrium points --- symbiodiniaceae --- zoantharians --- Trinidad coral reefs --- zooxanthellate --- biogeography --- Jaffna Peninsula --- coral mortality index --- DNA barcoding --- phylogeny --- biodiversity --- conservation --- ocean acidification --- carbonate chemistry dynamics --- biogeochemical dynamics --- in situ monitoring --- natural variability of environmental conditions --- Lophelia pertusa --- structural complexity --- coral reef --- Caribbean --- overfishing --- parrotfish --- Seaflower Biosphere Reserve --- reef ecology --- reef fish --- structure associations --- artificial structures --- symbiotic algae --- dinoflagellates --- Madagascar --- symbiosis --- coral reef ecosystem --- coral reef resilience --- global warming --- indicator species --- coral reef monitoring --- reef health --- review --- hyperspectral imaging --- marine optics --- ENSO --- temperature --- stable isotope --- coral disease --- coral health --- nutrients --- Indonesian ThroughFlow