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Since the 1980s, agriculture and plant breeding have changed with the development of molecular marker technology. In recent decades, different types of molecular markers have been used for different purposes: mapping, marker-assisted selection, characterization of genetic resources, etc. These have produced effective genotyping, but the results have been costly and time-consuming due to the small number of markers that could be tested simultaneously. Recent advances in molecular marker technologies such as the development of high-throughput genotyping platforms, genotyping by sequencing, and the release of the genome sequences of major crop plants have opened new possibilities for advancing crop improvement. This Special Issue collects 16 research studies, including the application of molecular markers in 11 crop species, from the generation of linkage maps and diversity studies to the application of marker-assisted selection and genomic prediction.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- durum wheat --- landraces --- marker-trait association --- root system architecture --- sugarcane --- parental line --- population structure --- plant breeding --- genetic diversity --- simple sequence repeats (SSR) --- Persea americana --- SMRT sequencing --- simple sequence repeat --- genetic relationship --- flavonoid biosynthesis --- fruit coloration --- marker-assisted selection --- microsatellites --- Rubus --- gene prioritization --- linkage disequilibrium --- tropical maize --- brown rice recovery --- milled rice recovery --- head rice recovery --- milling yield traits --- QTL mapping --- rice (Oryza sativa L.) --- tetraploid potato --- SNP markers --- SLAF-seq technology --- high-density genetic linkage map --- genome wide association study --- GWAS water use --- agronomic traits --- MTAs --- candidate genes --- TKW --- sedimentation volume --- SDS --- YR --- drought stress --- association mapping --- QTL hotspot --- seminal root --- gene pyramiding --- aroma --- QTL --- chromosome --- selection --- introgression line --- maize (Zea mays L.) --- Striga resistance/tolerance --- F2:3 biparental mapping --- Marker-assisted selection --- persimmon --- sex determination --- fruit astringency --- molecular markers --- genomics --- genomic selection --- genomic prediction --- whole genome regression --- grain quality --- near infra-red spectroscopy --- cereal crop --- sorghum --- multi-trait --- Triticum aestivum --- mapping population --- leaf rust --- stem rust --- pathogen races --- disease resistance --- apricot --- MAS --- breeding --- MATH --- PPV resistance --- agarose --- ParPMC --- ParPMC2-del --- high resolution melting --- ISBP markers --- drought --- MQTL --- wheat variability --- crop breeding --- genetic maps --- GWAS --- marker assisted selection --- DNA sequencing --- durum wheat --- landraces --- marker-trait association --- root system architecture --- sugarcane --- parental line --- population structure --- plant breeding --- genetic diversity --- simple sequence repeats (SSR) --- Persea americana --- SMRT sequencing --- simple sequence repeat --- genetic relationship --- flavonoid biosynthesis --- fruit coloration --- marker-assisted selection --- microsatellites --- Rubus --- gene prioritization --- linkage disequilibrium --- tropical maize --- brown rice recovery --- milled rice recovery --- head rice recovery --- milling yield traits --- QTL mapping --- rice (Oryza sativa L.) --- tetraploid potato --- SNP markers --- SLAF-seq technology --- high-density genetic linkage map --- genome wide association study --- GWAS water use --- agronomic traits --- MTAs --- candidate genes --- TKW --- sedimentation volume --- SDS --- YR --- drought stress --- association mapping --- QTL hotspot --- seminal root --- gene pyramiding --- aroma --- QTL --- chromosome --- selection --- introgression line --- maize (Zea mays L.) --- Striga resistance/tolerance --- F2:3 biparental mapping --- Marker-assisted selection --- persimmon --- sex determination --- fruit astringency --- molecular markers --- genomics --- genomic selection --- genomic prediction --- whole genome regression --- grain quality --- near infra-red spectroscopy --- cereal crop --- sorghum --- multi-trait --- Triticum aestivum --- mapping population --- leaf rust --- stem rust --- pathogen races --- disease resistance --- apricot --- MAS --- breeding --- MATH --- PPV resistance --- agarose --- ParPMC --- ParPMC2-del --- high resolution melting --- ISBP markers --- drought --- MQTL --- wheat variability --- crop breeding --- genetic maps --- GWAS --- marker assisted selection --- DNA sequencing

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This Special Issue on ‘Advances in Cereal Crops Breeding’ comprises 10 papers covering a wide range of subjects, including the expression-level investigation of genes in terms of salinity stress adaptations and their relationships with proteomics in rice, the use of genetic analysis to assess the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in promising hybrids of maize, the use of DNA markers based on PCR in rice, the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in wheat and simple sequence repeats (SSR) in rice, the use of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in cereals, and Nanopore direct RNA sequencing of related with LTR RNA retrotransposon in triticale prior to the genomic selection of heterotic maize hybrids.

Research & information: general --- maize --- density tolerance --- combining ability --- gene effects --- genetic diversity --- rice --- salinity --- submergence tolerance --- blast --- SSR markers --- PCR analysis --- long non-coding RNAs --- seed development --- Nanopore sequencing --- retrotransposons --- triticale --- prediction accuracy --- mixed linear and Bayesian models --- machine learning algorithms --- training set size and composition --- parametric and nonparametric models --- drought stress --- dendrogram --- barley --- breeding --- marker-assisted selection --- genes --- genetic resources --- genome editing --- health benefits --- metabolomics --- oat --- QTL --- wheat --- Triticum aestivum L. --- QMrl-7B --- root traits --- grain yield --- nitrogen use efficiency --- GWAS --- salinity tolerance --- Vietnamese landraces --- abiotic stress --- root --- auxin --- YUCCA --- PIN --- proteomics --- mass spectrometry --- n/a

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This Special Issue on ‘Advances in Cereal Crops Breeding’ comprises 10 papers covering a wide range of subjects, including the expression-level investigation of genes in terms of salinity stress adaptations and their relationships with proteomics in rice, the use of genetic analysis to assess the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in promising hybrids of maize, the use of DNA markers based on PCR in rice, the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in wheat and simple sequence repeats (SSR) in rice, the use of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in cereals, and Nanopore direct RNA sequencing of related with LTR RNA retrotransposon in triticale prior to the genomic selection of heterotic maize hybrids.

Research & information: general --- maize --- density tolerance --- combining ability --- gene effects --- genetic diversity --- rice --- salinity --- submergence tolerance --- blast --- SSR markers --- PCR analysis --- long non-coding RNAs --- seed development --- Nanopore sequencing --- retrotransposons --- triticale --- prediction accuracy --- mixed linear and Bayesian models --- machine learning algorithms --- training set size and composition --- parametric and nonparametric models --- drought stress --- dendrogram --- barley --- breeding --- marker-assisted selection --- genes --- genetic resources --- genome editing --- health benefits --- metabolomics --- oat --- QTL --- wheat --- Triticum aestivum L. --- QMrl-7B --- root traits --- grain yield --- nitrogen use efficiency --- GWAS --- salinity tolerance --- Vietnamese landraces --- abiotic stress --- root --- auxin --- YUCCA --- PIN --- proteomics --- mass spectrometry --- maize --- density tolerance --- combining ability --- gene effects --- genetic diversity --- rice --- salinity --- submergence tolerance --- blast --- SSR markers --- PCR analysis --- long non-coding RNAs --- seed development --- Nanopore sequencing --- retrotransposons --- triticale --- prediction accuracy --- mixed linear and Bayesian models --- machine learning algorithms --- training set size and composition --- parametric and nonparametric models --- drought stress --- dendrogram --- barley --- breeding --- marker-assisted selection --- genes --- genetic resources --- genome editing --- health benefits --- metabolomics --- oat --- QTL --- wheat --- Triticum aestivum L. --- QMrl-7B --- root traits --- grain yield --- nitrogen use efficiency --- GWAS --- salinity tolerance --- Vietnamese landraces --- abiotic stress --- root --- auxin --- YUCCA --- PIN --- proteomics --- mass spectrometry

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Forest tree improvement has mainly been implemented to enhance the productivity of artificial forests. However, given the drastically changing global environment, improvement of various traits related to environmental adaptability is more essential than ever. This book focuses on genetic information, including trait heritability and the physiological mechanisms thereof, which facilitate tree improvement. Nineteen papers are included, reporting genetic approaches to improving various species, including conifers, broad-leaf trees, and bamboo. All of the papers in this book provide cutting-edge genetic information on tree genetics and suggest research directions for future tree improvement.

Research & information: general --- early selection --- stomatal characteristics --- water stress --- water relations --- specific leaf area --- Eucalyptus clones --- LTR-retrotransposon --- Ty3-gypsy --- Ty1-copia --- IRAP --- molecular markers --- bamboo --- Phyllostachys --- genetic diversity --- populations structure --- AMOVA --- central-marginal hypothesis --- cline --- Pinaceae --- trailing edge population --- Sakhalin fir --- sub-boreal forest --- gibberellin --- male strobilus induction --- transcriptome --- conifer --- Cryptomeria japonica --- linkage map --- male sterility --- marker-assisted selection --- C. fortunei --- differentially expressed genes --- phenylpropanoid metabolism --- candidate genes --- Camellia oleifera --- leaf senescence --- transcriptome analysis --- senescence-associated genes --- physiological characterization --- cpDNA --- next generation sequencing --- northern limit --- nucleotide diversity --- phylogeny --- In/Del --- SNP --- SSR --- Chinese fir --- heartwood --- secondary metabolites --- widely targeted metabolomics --- flavonoids --- amplicon sequencing --- AmpliSeq --- genomic selection --- Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) --- multiplexed SNP genotyping --- spatial autocorrelation error --- pine wood disease --- resistance to pine wood nematode --- inoculation test --- multisite --- cumulative temperature --- Pinus thunbergii --- Thujopsis dolabrata --- EST-SSR markers --- varieties --- population structure --- pine wilt disease --- Bursaphelenchus xylophilus --- genotype by environment interaction --- Japanese black pine --- variance component --- local adaptation --- silviculture --- seed zone --- tree improvement program --- breeding --- genotype × environment interaction --- mast seeding --- seed production --- thinning --- forest tree breeding --- high-throughput phenotyping --- epigenetics --- genotyping --- genomic prediction models --- quantitative trait locus --- breeding cycle --- Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis --- demographic history --- RAD-seq --- ancient tree --- conservation --- infrared thermography --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- cumulative drought stress --- genetic conservation --- genetic management --- pine wood nematode --- pine wood nematode-Pinus thunbergii resistant trees --- early selection --- stomatal characteristics --- water stress --- water relations --- specific leaf area --- Eucalyptus clones --- LTR-retrotransposon --- Ty3-gypsy --- Ty1-copia --- IRAP --- molecular markers --- bamboo --- Phyllostachys --- genetic diversity --- populations structure --- AMOVA --- central-marginal hypothesis --- cline --- Pinaceae --- trailing edge population --- Sakhalin fir --- sub-boreal forest --- gibberellin --- male strobilus induction --- transcriptome --- conifer --- Cryptomeria japonica --- linkage map --- male sterility --- marker-assisted selection --- C. fortunei --- differentially expressed genes --- phenylpropanoid metabolism --- candidate genes --- Camellia oleifera --- leaf senescence --- transcriptome analysis --- senescence-associated genes --- physiological characterization --- cpDNA --- next generation sequencing --- northern limit --- nucleotide diversity --- phylogeny --- In/Del --- SNP --- SSR --- Chinese fir --- heartwood --- secondary metabolites --- widely targeted metabolomics --- flavonoids --- amplicon sequencing --- AmpliSeq --- genomic selection --- Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) --- multiplexed SNP genotyping --- spatial autocorrelation error --- pine wood disease --- resistance to pine wood nematode --- inoculation test --- multisite --- cumulative temperature --- Pinus thunbergii --- Thujopsis dolabrata --- EST-SSR markers --- varieties --- population structure --- pine wilt disease --- Bursaphelenchus xylophilus --- genotype by environment interaction --- Japanese black pine --- variance component --- local adaptation --- silviculture --- seed zone --- tree improvement program --- breeding --- genotype × environment interaction --- mast seeding --- seed production --- thinning --- forest tree breeding --- high-throughput phenotyping --- epigenetics --- genotyping --- genomic prediction models --- quantitative trait locus --- breeding cycle --- Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis --- demographic history --- RAD-seq --- ancient tree --- conservation --- infrared thermography --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- cumulative drought stress --- genetic conservation --- genetic management --- pine wood nematode --- pine wood nematode-Pinus thunbergii resistant trees

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Allohexaploid bread wheat and diploid barley are two of the most cultivated crops in the world. This book reports novel research and reviews concerning the use of modern technologies to understand the molecular bases for wheat and barley improvement. The contributions published in this book illustrate research advances in wheat and barley knowledge using modern molecular techniques. These molecular approaches cover genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and phenomic levels, together with new tools for gene identification and the development of novel molecular markers. Overall, the contributions for this book lead to a further understanding of regulatory systems in order to improve wheat and barley performance.

n/a --- biotechnology --- transgene --- Aegilops tauschii --- antioxidant enzymes --- aquaporin --- molecular marker --- Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) --- transgenic wheat --- purple acid phosphatase phytase --- genome editing --- genes --- resistance --- genome assembly --- germination --- protein two-dimensional electrophoresis --- 1 --- disease resistance --- Thinopyrum --- plant --- oligo probe --- optical mapping --- genetic biofortification --- breeding --- population structure --- marker-assisted selection --- crops --- hybrid necrosis --- PAPhy --- Triticeae --- wheat --- Barley --- genome stability --- CRISPR --- powdery mildew --- RNA editing --- bread wheat --- allohexaploid --- nucleus --- chromatin --- introgression --- favorable alleles --- genetic engineering --- Tunisian landraces --- barely --- Pm40 --- Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici --- Transcriptional dynamics --- Lr42 --- Triticum durum --- histochemical analysis --- molecular mapping --- ribosomal DNA --- 12-oxophytodienoate reductase --- small segment translocation --- HIGS --- Powdery mildew --- abiotic stress --- phytase --- RNA-seq --- Bulked segregant analysis-RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq) --- grain --- DArTseq technology --- center of diversity --- mature grain phytase activity (MGPA) --- cereals --- Grain development --- hybrid --- homoeolog --- 3D-FISH --- jasmonates --- Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) --- genetic diversity --- ND-FISH --- durum wheat --- protease --- transpiration --- TdPIP2 --- cereal cyst nematodes --- mass spectrometry --- 6R --- Landrace --- marker-trait associations --- BAC --- chromosome --- barley --- freezing tolerance --- KASP markers --- Triticum aestivum --- rye