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Les observations globales montrent une tendance à l’évolution rapide de nos modèles de sociétés, pour y faire face, les structures spatiales devront évoluer. En effet, les problématiques de la pression démographique croissante, des changements globaux et de l’espace limité sur Terre sont trois considérations que nous ne pouvons pas ignorer. Elles conduisent les planificateurs territoriaux à repenser les façons d’occuper nos territoires. La prise en compte des espaces résiduels dans l’évolution du paysage devient une nécessité pour pouvoir gérer, aménager et imaginer les paysages de demain. Ces espaces en particulier remplissent une multitude de services écosystémiques insoupçonnés et inconsidérés. La construction d’une vision globale autour de ces espaces passe par plusieurs étapes majeures. La première est de les considérer comme un ensemble, et non comme des entités séparées. La deuxième est l’étude de ceux-ci. La troisième est la prise en compte de ces espaces dans l’aménagement et la gestion. Cette recherche essaye de construire une définition transversale et univoque de paysage résiduel et d’espace résiduel sur base d’une revue de la littérature concernant ce concept. Cette définition permettra d’étudier les paysages résiduels dans de futures recherches. De la prospection a été effectuée auprès des communes belges pour comprendre ce qui est déjà fait en terme de gestion des espaces résiduels. Ce chapitre met en évidence des mesures qui sont déjà prises dans certaines communes. La prospection a aussi permis de mettre en lumière des communes qui pourraient faire partie d’un partenariat d’étude. Une troisième partie de ce travail essaye de vérifier la pertinence des définitions construites dans la première partie. Ce test de la définition sur le terrain met en évidence que la présence d’espaces résiduels est influencées par l’occupation du sol. Enfin un court chapitre s’intéresse à la manière de classer les espaces résiduels. Ce chapitre montre qu’il est important de prendre en compte le contexte paysager d’un espace résiduel si on veut le gérer de manière optimale. Il soulève aussi l’importance de déterminer des objectifs de gestion pour rentre possible la construction d’une classification des espaces résiduels. Ce travail adopte une démarche exploratoire qui sera discutée. Global observations are showing a tendency of fast society model changes, to deal with it, spatial structures will have to evolve. Indeed, problematics of increasing demographic pressure, global changes and limited space on Earth are three considerations that we can not pass over. They lead territorial planners to rethink the ways of occupying our territories. Taking into account residual spaces in landscape evolution becomes a necessity to be able to manage, develop and imagine tomorrow’s landscapes. Those spaces in particular are filling a multitude of unsuspected and unconsidered ecosystem services. Building a global vision around these spaces goes through several major stages. The first one is to consider them as a whole, not as separate entities. The second one is their in-depth study. The third one is the consideration of these spaces in landscape planning and management. This research attempts to construct a transversal and univocal definition of residual landscape and residual space based on a literature review which is specific to this concept. This definition will allow residual landscapes to be studied in future research. Surveys have been carried out in Belgian municipalities to understand what is already being done in terms of management of residual areas. This chapter highlights measures already taken in some municipalities and trends at national level. The prospecting also made it possible to point out communes that could be part of a study partnership. A third part of this work attempts to verify the relevance of the definitions constructed in the first part. This field definition test shows that the presence of residual spaces is influenced by land use. Finally, a short chapter looks at how to classify residual spaces. This chapter shows that it is important to take into account the landscape context of a residual space in order to manage it optimally. He also raised the importance of determining management objectives to allow the construction of a classification of residual spaces. This research adopts an exploratory approach that will have the opportunity to be discussed in this work.
espace résiduel --- paysage résiduel --- définition --- identification --- outils de gestion --- prospection --- classification --- territoire --- revue de la littérature --- cas d’étude --- residual space --- residual landscape --- definition --- identification --- management tools --- classification --- territory --- prospection --- literature review --- case study --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Architecture
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Reliable and effective control systems are a critical component of safe and profitable operations across process industries. And many of our industrial facilities today continue to operate using legacy control systems from the past four decades that are at or near the end of their lifecycles. Migration projects to modern control systems are complex, requiring detailed upfront planning, a methodical implementation strategy and astute project management.
Automatic control. --- Systems migration. --- Information systems migration --- Migration, Systems --- Systems engineering --- Control engineering --- Control equipment --- Control theory --- Engineering instruments --- Automation --- Programmable controllers --- Control System Migration --- DCS Migration --- Control Room Modernization --- SCADA Upgrade --- Cutover --- Front End Loading --- DCS System --- Control System Projects --- Project Management Methodologies --- Project Management Tools and Techniques --- Project Management Process --- Project Management Books --- Project Management Best Practices --- Project Management Resources --- Control System --- Control System Design --- Control Systems Engineering --- Distributed Control System --- Process Control Systems --- Control System Upgrades
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This paper reviews the current state of affairs and thinking on external risk management for developing countries. It tries to identify the reasons behind the limited risk management by sovereigns. Perverse incentives arising from a too generous international safety net, limited access to international financial markets by developing countries arising from low creditworthiness, a limited supply of financial risk management tools suited to developing countries, and a poor supply of skills have inhibited risk management. Another constraint has been the limited attention given to the strategic objectives for risk management. Going forward, the paper identifies actions by international financial markets, countries and international financial institutions that can help improve risk management.
Bank Policy --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Commodity Prices --- Creditworthiness --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Developing Countries --- Emerging Markets --- Exchange --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Financial Risk --- Global Capital --- Global Capital Markets --- Instruments --- Insurance and Risk Mitigation --- International Financial Institutions --- International Financial Markets --- International Markets --- Investment --- Labor Policies --- Natural Disasters --- Non Bank Financial Institutions --- Private Sector Development --- Risk Management --- Risk Management Tools --- Safety Net --- Social Protections and Labor --- Sovereign Debt --- Sovereign Risk --- Stock
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This paper reviews the current state of affairs and thinking on external risk management for developing countries. It tries to identify the reasons behind the limited risk management by sovereigns. Perverse incentives arising from a too generous international safety net, limited access to international financial markets by developing countries arising from low creditworthiness, a limited supply of financial risk management tools suited to developing countries, and a poor supply of skills have inhibited risk management. Another constraint has been the limited attention given to the strategic objectives for risk management. Going forward, the paper identifies actions by international financial markets, countries and international financial institutions that can help improve risk management.
Bank Policy --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Commodity Prices --- Creditworthiness --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Developing Countries --- Emerging Markets --- Exchange --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Financial Risk --- Global Capital --- Global Capital Markets --- Instruments --- Insurance and Risk Mitigation --- International Financial Institutions --- International Financial Markets --- International Markets --- Investment --- Labor Policies --- Natural Disasters --- Non Bank Financial Institutions --- Private Sector Development --- Risk Management --- Risk Management Tools --- Safety Net --- Social Protections and Labor --- Sovereign Debt --- Sovereign Risk --- Stock
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