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The discovery and development of a biological active molecule with therapeutic properties is an ever increasing complex task, highly unpredictable at the early stages and marked, in the end, by high rates of failure. As a consequence, the overall process leading to the production of a successful drug is very costly. The improvement of the net outcome in drug discovery and development would require, amongst other important factors, a good understanding of the molecular events that characterize the disease or pathology in order to better identify likely targets of interest, to optimize the interaction of an active agent (small molecule or macromolecule of natural or synthetic origin) with those targets, and to facilitate the study of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity of an active agent in suitable models and in human subjects. The objective of this Research Topic is to highlight new developments and applications of imaging techniques with the objective of performing pharmacological studies in vivo, in animal models and in humans. In the domain of drug discovery, the pharmacological and biomedical questions constitute the center of attention. In this sense, it is fundamental to keep in mind the strengths and limitations of each analytical or imaging technique. At the end, the judicious application of the technique with the aim of supporting the search for answers to manifold questions arising during a long and painstaking path provides a continuous role for imaging within the complex area of drug discovery and development.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) --- computerized tomography(CT) --- positron emission tomography (PET) --- pharmacology --- single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) --- imaging --- medical imaging --- ultrasound

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The discovery and development of a biological active molecule with therapeutic properties is an ever increasing complex task, highly unpredictable at the early stages and marked, in the end, by high rates of failure. As a consequence, the overall process leading to the production of a successful drug is very costly. The improvement of the net outcome in drug discovery and development would require, amongst other important factors, a good understanding of the molecular events that characterize the disease or pathology in order to better identify likely targets of interest, to optimize the interaction of an active agent (small molecule or macromolecule of natural or synthetic origin) with those targets, and to facilitate the study of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity of an active agent in suitable models and in human subjects. The objective of this Research Topic is to highlight new developments and applications of imaging techniques with the objective of performing pharmacological studies in vivo, in animal models and in humans. In the domain of drug discovery, the pharmacological and biomedical questions constitute the center of attention. In this sense, it is fundamental to keep in mind the strengths and limitations of each analytical or imaging technique. At the end, the judicious application of the technique with the aim of supporting the search for answers to manifold questions arising during a long and painstaking path provides a continuous role for imaging within the complex area of drug discovery and development.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) --- computerized tomography(CT) --- positron emission tomography (PET) --- pharmacology --- single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) --- imaging --- medical imaging --- ultrasound --- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) --- computerized tomography(CT) --- positron emission tomography (PET) --- pharmacology --- single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) --- imaging --- medical imaging --- ultrasound

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Early human development from late gestation to the neonatal period is a critical time in the individual’s life span. Medical issues that compromise the brain functions during late gestation and the first months of life could lead to different developmental problems with consequent lifelong burdens for the growing individuals and their families, and a major socio-economic impact for the health care system and the whole of society. Any potential alleviation of perinatal adversities holds promise of an improved quality of life for the individual, and a major benefit for the society at large. It remains a concerted worldwide effort to improve our understanding on effective monitoring systems and clinical diagnostic procedures to reduce fetal impairment and improve healthcare in the neonatal and infant period. The focus of this Research Topic will be on the most recent developments and findings in the field of non-invasive functional brain monitoring in order to: 1) increase our knowledge on novel diagnostic tools and procedures for the surveillance of fetuses and newborn babies, 2) help us to perform high quality functional assessment of the developing human brain during pregnancy and after birth, 3) understand and diagnose pathological developments with a potentially high clinical and societal impact, 4) understand how to improve perinatal and infant care. Potential topics include, but are not restricted to: 1) non-invasive electrophysiological monitoring technologies for brain function in the fetus, neonate and infant, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS), 2) novel or consolidated analytical methods and models for the quantification and interpretation of the functional signals recorded from the developing brain, 3) typical and atypical brain development during pregnancy and the first years of life, 4) personalized clinical diagnostic procedures for perinatal and paediatric surveillance.

Fetus --- Newborn infants --- Neurosciences --- Brain --- Development. --- Research. --- Imaging. --- embryology. --- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) --- Electroencephalography (EEG) --- prematurity --- neurodevelopment --- connectivity --- Brain monitoring --- cerebral blood flow --- autonomic nervous system (ANS) --- Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) --- fetal magnetocardiography (fMCG)

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The domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) are small ruminant species widely distributed throughout the world. They were among the first animals to be domesticated. Owing to their small stature and versatility, sheep and goats still are one of the most important food source in many arid regions. Traditionally, autochthonous breeds with a strong milk production seasonality were reared in extensive production systems, on a smallholder farming basis. The huge number and variety of their dairy products reflect the different cultures and traditions of vast areas of the world. However, today the traditional ovine and caprine dairy production chain, from farmers to exporters, is facing the challenges of innovation, sustainability, safety, and productivity, while at the same time protecting each product’s individual characteristics. This Special Issue is dedicated to the field of ovine and caprine dairy production with ground-breaking perspectives and approaches, from physical-chemistry studies on milk and dairy, to new feeding strategies, herd management, nutritional quality, animal welfare, sustainability, and omics studies.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- GC-MS --- metabolomics --- feeding systems --- sheep dietary supplement --- ovine milk --- cheese safety --- foodborne pathogens --- sheep milk --- Listeria monocytogenes --- Salmonella spp. --- Escherichia coli O157:H7 --- Staphylococcus aureus --- raw milk --- thermization --- sheep and goat milk --- cheese --- odd and branched chain fatty acids --- mass spectrometry --- animals management --- thyroid hormone metabolism --- ubiquinol-10 biosynthesis --- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) --- image analysis --- Fiore Sardo --- microstructure --- dairy chemistry --- thermised milk --- protected designation of origin --- Lactobacillus --- antifungal activity --- fresh cheese --- biopreservation --- GC-MS --- metabolomics --- feeding systems --- sheep dietary supplement --- ovine milk --- cheese safety --- foodborne pathogens --- sheep milk --- Listeria monocytogenes --- Salmonella spp. --- Escherichia coli O157:H7 --- Staphylococcus aureus --- raw milk --- thermization --- sheep and goat milk --- cheese --- odd and branched chain fatty acids --- mass spectrometry --- animals management --- thyroid hormone metabolism --- ubiquinol-10 biosynthesis --- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) --- image analysis --- Fiore Sardo --- microstructure --- dairy chemistry --- thermised milk --- protected designation of origin --- Lactobacillus --- antifungal activity --- fresh cheese --- biopreservation

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The domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) are small ruminant species widely distributed throughout the world. They were among the first animals to be domesticated. Owing to their small stature and versatility, sheep and goats still are one of the most important food source in many arid regions. Traditionally, autochthonous breeds with a strong milk production seasonality were reared in extensive production systems, on a smallholder farming basis. The huge number and variety of their dairy products reflect the different cultures and traditions of vast areas of the world. However, today the traditional ovine and caprine dairy production chain, from farmers to exporters, is facing the challenges of innovation, sustainability, safety, and productivity, while at the same time protecting each product’s individual characteristics. This Special Issue is dedicated to the field of ovine and caprine dairy production with ground-breaking perspectives and approaches, from physical-chemistry studies on milk and dairy, to new feeding strategies, herd management, nutritional quality, animal welfare, sustainability, and omics studies.

GC-MS --- metabolomics --- feeding systems --- sheep dietary supplement --- ovine milk --- cheese safety --- foodborne pathogens --- sheep milk --- Listeria monocytogenes --- Salmonella spp. --- Escherichia coli O157:H7 --- Staphylococcus aureus --- raw milk --- thermization --- sheep and goat milk --- cheese --- odd and branched chain fatty acids --- mass spectrometry --- animals management --- thyroid hormone metabolism --- ubiquinol-10 biosynthesis --- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) --- image analysis --- Fiore Sardo --- microstructure --- dairy chemistry --- thermised milk --- protected designation of origin --- Lactobacillus --- antifungal activity --- fresh cheese --- biopreservation --- n/a