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Drawing on the lessons from the global financial crisis and especially from its impact on the banking systems of Eastern Europe, the paper proposes a new practical approach to macroprudential stress testing. The proposed approach incorporates: (i) macroeconomic stress scenarios generated from both a country specific statistical model and historical cross-country crises experience; (ii) indirect credit risk due to foreign currency exposures of unhedged borrowers; (iii) varying underwriting practices across banks and their asset classes based on their relative aggressiveness of lending; (iv) higher correlations between the probability of default and the loss given default during stress periods; (v) a negative effect of lending concentration and residual loan maturity on unexpected losses; and (vi) the use of an economic risk weighted capital adequacy ratio as the relevant outcome indicator to measure the resilience of banks to materializing credit risk. The authors apply the proposed approach to a set of Eastern European banks and discuss the results.

Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Individual Bank Data --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Macroprudential Supervision --- Stress Test --- Eastern Europe

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Equilibrium credit is an important concept because it helps identify excessive credit provision. This paper proposes a two-stage approach to determine equilibrium credit. It uses two stages to study changes in the demand for credit due to varying levels of economic, financial and institutional development of a country. Using a panel of high and middle-income countries over the period 1980-2010, this paper provides empirical evidence that the credit-to-GDP ratio is inappropriate to measure equilibrium credit. The reason for this is that such an approach ignores heterogeneity in the parameters that determine equilibrium credit across countries due to different stages of economic development. The main drivers of this heterogeneity are financial depth, access to financial services, use of capital markets, efficiency and funding of domestic banks, central bank independence, the degree of supervisory integration, and experience of a financial crisis. Countries in Europe and Central Asia show a slower adjustment of credit to its long-run equilibrium compared with other regions of the world.

Access to Finance --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Demand for Credit --- Economic Theory & Research --- Equilibrium Credit --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- High- and Middle Income Countries --- Macroprudential Supervision --- Private Sector Development --- Time-Series Panel Data

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In the current competitive scenario, the banking industry must contend with multiple challenges tied to regulations, legacy systems, disruptive models/technologies, new competitors, and a restive customer base, while simultaneously pursuing new strategies for sustainable growth. Banking institutions that can address these emerging challenges and opportunities to effectively balance long-term goals with short-term performance pressures could be aptly rewarded. This book comprises a selection of papers addressing some of these relevant issues concerning the current challenges and opportunities for international banking institutions. Papers in this collection focus on the digital transformation of the banking industry and its effect on sustainability, the emergence of new competitors such as FinTech companies, the role of mobile banking in the industry, the connections between sustainability and financial performance, and other general sustainability and corporate social responsibility (CSR) topics related to the banking industry. The book is a Special Issue of the MDPI journal Sustainability, which has been sponsored by the Santander Financial Institute (SANFI), a Spanish research and training institution created as a collaboration between Santander Bank and the University of Cantabria. SANFI works to identify, develop, support, and promote knowledge, study, talent, and innovation in the financial sector.

Economics, finance, business & management --- stimulus-response model --- utilitarian value --- Hedonic value --- salesperson selling behaviors --- customer satisfaction --- loan expansion --- GDP --- NPL --- ARDL --- VECM --- Johansen test of co-integration --- unit root --- non-performing loans --- sovereign debt distress --- tail dependence --- gaussian copula regression --- mobile financial services (MFS) --- trust --- perceived risk --- structural equation modeling (SEM) --- multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) --- technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) --- analytic hierarchy process (AHP) --- data envelopment analysis --- commercial banks --- product innovation --- performance evaluation --- innovation risk --- digital financial inclusion --- risk-coping ability --- vulnerability to poverty --- instrumental variable estimation --- emotional intelligence --- work-family conflict --- job burnout --- employees’ turnover intention --- perceived organizational support --- the Vietnamese banking industry --- stochastic DEA --- multi-attribute decision making --- ordinal variable --- cross-efficiency --- corporate social responsibility disclosure (CSRD) --- financial performance --- Islamic Banking Industry of Pakistan --- GRI --- AAOIFI --- CSRD index --- cost of equity --- IFRS adoption --- European banks --- corporate governance --- banking regulation --- CSP–CFP relationship --- banking sustainability --- glass ceiling --- board composition --- equal opportunity policy --- CSR --- communication --- discourse --- exposition --- narrative --- storytelling --- banking --- catering --- utilitarian service --- hedonic service --- sustainable finance --- sustainable financial products --- sustainable banking --- SDGs --- sustainable development --- Latin America --- ESG. --- digital transformation --- knowledge management --- digital government --- public sector --- public administration --- peer-to-peer lending --- bank risk --- insolvency risk --- illiquidity risk --- financial inclusion --- vulnerable rural areas --- sustainable solutions --- central bank digital currency --- social sustainability --- pharmacy network --- sustainable access to cash --- nonperforming loans --- macroeconomic factors --- econometric model --- exchange rate --- unemployment rate --- inflation rate --- MoM(micro-operating mechanism) --- regulatory sandbox --- fintech --- type by enterprise --- innovation competencies --- patents data --- evidence-based policy --- European financial services --- SMEs --- nonfinancial information --- sustainable reporting --- disclosure --- lexical analysis --- nonfinancial reporting --- dynamic provisioning --- macroprudential supervision --- counter-cyclical adjustment --- innovative solution --- mobile banking --- Nigeria --- sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) --- qualitative meta-synthesis (QMS) --- banking industry --- value in use approach --- FinTech innovation --- valuation --- patent application --- market power --- efficiency --- profitability --- risk --- CBDC --- digital currency --- bank run --- central bank --- economic sustainability --- organizational ambidexterity --- blended ambidexterity --- innovation process --- buy-now-pay-later --- regulatory failure --- regulation --- consumer behaviour --- bank --- barriers --- digitalisation --- management --- perception --- transformation --- social media --- admiration --- consumer loyalty --- sustainability