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This book gathers a collection of papers summarizing some of the latest developments in the thermomechanical processing of steels. The replacement of conventional rolling plus post-rolling heat treatments by integrated controlled forming and cooling strategies implies important reductions in energy consumption, increases in productivity and more compact facilities in the steel industry. The metallurgical challenges that this integration implies, though, are relevant and impressive developments that have been achieved over the last 40 years. The frequency of the development of new steel grades and processing technologies devoted to thermomechanically processed products is increasing, and their implementation is being expended to higher value added products and applications. In addition to the metallurgical peculiarities and relationships between chemical composition, process and final properties, the relevance impact of advanced characterization techniques and innovative modelling strategies provides new tools to achieve the further deployment of the TMCP technologies. The contents of the book cover low carbon microalloyed grades, ferritic stainless steels and Fe–Al–Cr alloys, medium-Mn steels, and medium carbon grades. Authors of the chapters of this "Thermomechanical Processing of Steels" book represent some of the most relevant research groups from both the steel industry and academia.

low carbon steel --- prior austenite grain boundary --- carbon segregation --- Bs temperature --- ferritic stainless steel --- plastic deformation --- dynamic strain-induced transformation --- intercritical rolling --- microalloying --- microstructure --- EBSD --- high-aluminum steel --- second phase --- phase transition --- thermodynamic calculation --- ferritic heat resistant stainless steel --- hot tensile deformation --- tensile property --- dynamic recrystallization --- flow behavior --- high Ti steels --- Nb microalloying --- recrystallization kinetics --- strain-induced precipitation --- rheological law modeling --- rolling --- microstructural and mechanical coupling --- defect reduction --- advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) --- medium-Mn steel --- phase equilibrium --- niobium-titanium microalloyed steel --- electrical resistivity --- atom probe tomography --- scanning electron microscopy --- low-carbon steel --- microalloyed --- hot torsion testing --- prior austenite --- polygonal ferrite --- bainite --- vanadium microalloying --- austenite stability --- HEXRD --- EELS --- n/a

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This reprint presents the current state of knowledge and the latest advances in the development of microstructure and material properties using modern FSP (Friction Stir Processing) and related technologies such as FSW (Friction Stir Welding). The chapters of this reprint contain valuable results of research on changes in the microstructure and properties of materials caused by the use of the above technologies. Detailed analysis of these results allowed for the formulation of constructive conclusions of scientific and technological importance. The issues described in here present a significant cognitive and application potential and indicate the problems and implementation challenges faced by users of FSP and related technologies.

Technology: general issues --- stir casting --- boron carbide --- silicon carbide --- AA6061 aluminium alloy --- tensile strength --- friction stir welding --- bobbin tool --- AA1050-H14 --- pin geometry --- travel speed --- welding temperature --- mechanical properties --- groove joint design --- gas tungsten arc welding --- 2205 DSS --- friction stir lap welding --- definitive screening design (DSD) --- tensile shear load --- tool penetration depth --- plunge depth --- friction stir deposition --- solid-state additive manufacturing --- AA2011-T6 and AA2011-O --- AA2011 aluminum alloy --- microstructure --- intermetallics --- hardness --- Friction stir spot welding --- low-carbon steel --- brass --- load-carrying capacity --- dissimilar friction stir welding --- tool penetration depth (TPD) --- intermetallic compound (IMC) thickness --- process parameter --- friction stir processing --- 7075 aluminum alloy --- air cooling --- jet cooling nozzle --- microstructure evolution --- tribological properties --- aluminum alloys --- AA6082 --- friction stir spot welding --- stir casting --- boron carbide --- silicon carbide --- AA6061 aluminium alloy --- tensile strength --- friction stir welding --- bobbin tool --- AA1050-H14 --- pin geometry --- travel speed --- welding temperature --- mechanical properties --- groove joint design --- gas tungsten arc welding --- 2205 DSS --- friction stir lap welding --- definitive screening design (DSD) --- tensile shear load --- tool penetration depth --- plunge depth --- friction stir deposition --- solid-state additive manufacturing --- AA2011-T6 and AA2011-O --- AA2011 aluminum alloy --- microstructure --- intermetallics --- hardness --- Friction stir spot welding --- low-carbon steel --- brass --- load-carrying capacity --- dissimilar friction stir welding --- tool penetration depth (TPD) --- intermetallic compound (IMC) thickness --- process parameter --- friction stir processing --- 7075 aluminum alloy --- air cooling --- jet cooling nozzle --- microstructure evolution --- tribological properties --- aluminum alloys --- AA6082 --- friction stir spot welding

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Steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from scientific and commercial points of view, following many applications they can be devoted to. Following this, it is therefore essential to deeply understand the relations between properties and microstructure and how to drive them via a specific process. Despite their diffusion as a consolidated material, many research fields are active regarding new applications. In this framework, in particular, the role of heat treatments in obtaining complex microstructures is still quite an open matter, which is also thanks to the design of innovative heat treatments.This Special Issue embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting on experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during the heat treatment of steels.

nitriding --- nitrocarburizing --- two-stage treatment --- process design --- compound layer --- white layer --- nitriding hardness depth --- steel-clad plate --- element diffusion --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- high speed steel --- vacuum heat treatment --- plane strain fracture toughness --- residual stress --- creep --- stress relief --- welded rotor --- forged steels --- high-Cr steel --- austempering --- high silicon steel --- retained austenite --- pearlitic steel wire --- elongation to failure --- torsion --- reduction of area --- annealing --- low density steels --- forging --- kappa carbide --- FeCMnAl --- steel --- martensitic steel --- ε-carbide --- tempering --- hydrogen embrittlement --- mechanical strength --- inoculant --- materials design --- gear steel --- AlN precipitate --- carburization --- austenite grain size --- Zener pinning --- precipitation criterion --- boiling curve --- quenching severity --- boiling and quenching heat transfer --- metal quenching heat flow --- ultrafast heating annealing --- thermo-cycling annealing --- ultra-high strength steel --- auto-tempering --- martensite --- hole expansion ratio --- flash heating --- QP --- low carbon steel --- n/a

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Steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from scientific and commercial points of view, following many applications they can be devoted to. Following this, it is therefore essential to deeply understand the relations between properties and microstructure and how to drive them via a specific process. Despite their diffusion as a consolidated material, many research fields are active regarding new applications. In this framework, in particular, the role of heat treatments in obtaining complex microstructures is still quite an open matter, which is also thanks to the design of innovative heat treatments.This Special Issue embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting on experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during the heat treatment of steels.

Technology: general issues --- nitriding --- nitrocarburizing --- two-stage treatment --- process design --- compound layer --- white layer --- nitriding hardness depth --- steel-clad plate --- element diffusion --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- high speed steel --- vacuum heat treatment --- plane strain fracture toughness --- residual stress --- creep --- stress relief --- welded rotor --- forged steels --- high-Cr steel --- austempering --- high silicon steel --- retained austenite --- pearlitic steel wire --- elongation to failure --- torsion --- reduction of area --- annealing --- low density steels --- forging --- kappa carbide --- FeCMnAl --- steel --- martensitic steel --- ε-carbide --- tempering --- hydrogen embrittlement --- mechanical strength --- inoculant --- materials design --- gear steel --- AlN precipitate --- carburization --- austenite grain size --- Zener pinning --- precipitation criterion --- boiling curve --- quenching severity --- boiling and quenching heat transfer --- metal quenching heat flow --- ultrafast heating annealing --- thermo-cycling annealing --- ultra-high strength steel --- auto-tempering --- martensite --- hole expansion ratio --- flash heating --- QP --- low carbon steel --- nitriding --- nitrocarburizing --- two-stage treatment --- process design --- compound layer --- white layer --- nitriding hardness depth --- steel-clad plate --- element diffusion --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- high speed steel --- vacuum heat treatment --- plane strain fracture toughness --- residual stress --- creep --- stress relief --- welded rotor --- forged steels --- high-Cr steel --- austempering --- high silicon steel --- retained austenite --- pearlitic steel wire --- elongation to failure --- torsion --- reduction of area --- annealing --- low density steels --- forging --- kappa carbide --- FeCMnAl --- steel --- martensitic steel --- ε-carbide --- tempering --- hydrogen embrittlement --- mechanical strength --- inoculant --- materials design --- gear steel --- AlN precipitate --- carburization --- austenite grain size --- Zener pinning --- precipitation criterion --- boiling curve --- quenching severity --- boiling and quenching heat transfer --- metal quenching heat flow --- ultrafast heating annealing --- thermo-cycling annealing --- ultra-high strength steel --- auto-tempering --- martensite --- hole expansion ratio --- flash heating --- QP --- low carbon steel