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Mit dem Werk »Elements of Physical Biology« von 1925 mathematisierte Alfred James Lotka die ganze Welt. Dies gelang, weil er sämtliche Prozesse als Energieumwandlungen verstand. Ariane Tanner analysiert die Entstehungszusammenhänge und die Wirkungen von Lotkas Weltentwurf im 20. Jahrhundert.

System design. --- Wissenschaftstheorie --- Wissensgeschichte --- Ökologiegeschichte --- Energetik --- Systemökologie --- Lotka-Volterra-Gleichungen --- Systembegriff --- Wissenschaftsgeschichte --- 19.-21. Jahrhundert

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This book describes the variety of direct and indirect population size estimation (PSE) methods available along with their strengths and weaknesses. Direct estimation methods, such as enumeration and mapping, involve contact with members of hard-to-reach groups. Indirect methods have practical appeal because they require no contact with members of hard-to-reach groups. One indirect method in particular, network scale-up (NSU), has several strengths over other PSE methods: It can be applied at a province/country level, it can estimate size of several hard-to-reach population in a single study, and it is implemented with members of the general population rather than members of hard-to-reach groups. The book discusses methods to collect, analyze, and adjust results and presents methods to triangulate and finalize PSEs.

Epidemiology. --- Biomathematics. --- Genetics and Population Dynamics. --- Biology --- Mathematics --- Diseases --- Public health --- Epidemiologia --- Biomatemàtica --- Biologia --- Matemàtica --- Model de Lotka-Volterra --- Biometria --- Salut pública --- Comorbiditat --- Epidèmies --- Epidemiologia molecular --- Farmacoepidemiologia --- Morbiditat --- Malalties

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As is known, an objective assessment of scientific activity is one of the most difficult problems, in terms of the relationship within itself as well as with society. However, for many decades, the significance of scientists’ contribution to the development of the corresponding branch of science was assessed by the scientific community only by meaningful qualitative criteria, wherein the principle and mechanism of such an assessment was actually intuitive and defied quantitative description. That is why the urgent task was undertaken to create a system for evaluating scientific activity based on some objective indicators of the activity of a particular scientist; in search of such criteria, in the 1970s–1980s, the term “citation index” appeared. Although a close examination of this indicator revealed its limitations and in a number of cases even inadequacy in assessing scientific activity, it has nevertheless since the 1990s gained very wide popularity in the scientific community. This has contributed to the emergence of numerous works aimed at finding new and ideal indicators for assessing publication activity (so-called bibliometric indices). To date, several dozen such indices have been proposed, the most significant of which was the so-called Hirsch index or h-index. Nevertheless, despite the incredibly significant advances in this specific area of sociology, the above problem is still far from resolved. In this regard, the key task of this Special Issue is to familiarize its readers with the latest achievements both in the search for new, more advanced bibliometric indicators and in the improvement of existing ones.

conference indicator --- conference impact factor --- conference accreditation --- bibliometric measure --- n/a --- scientometrics --- scientometric indicators --- Russian professors --- sociological polls --- scientometric politics --- scientometric indexes --- scholarly publications --- scientific contribution of individual --- author-suggested weighted citation index --- bibliometric --- human capital --- universities --- trends --- higher education --- citation analysis --- emerging country --- Kazakhstan --- Lotka’s law --- network analysis --- publication trend --- research productivity --- scientific activity --- technology assessment --- research collaboration --- patent analysis --- bibliometric indicators --- sustainable development goals --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- academic surgery --- Lotka's law

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As is known, an objective assessment of scientific activity is one of the most difficult problems, in terms of the relationship within itself as well as with society. However, for many decades, the significance of scientists’ contribution to the development of the corresponding branch of science was assessed by the scientific community only by meaningful qualitative criteria, wherein the principle and mechanism of such an assessment was actually intuitive and defied quantitative description. That is why the urgent task was undertaken to create a system for evaluating scientific activity based on some objective indicators of the activity of a particular scientist; in search of such criteria, in the 1970s–1980s, the term “citation index” appeared. Although a close examination of this indicator revealed its limitations and in a number of cases even inadequacy in assessing scientific activity, it has nevertheless since the 1990s gained very wide popularity in the scientific community. This has contributed to the emergence of numerous works aimed at finding new and ideal indicators for assessing publication activity (so-called bibliometric indices). To date, several dozen such indices have been proposed, the most significant of which was the so-called Hirsch index or h-index. Nevertheless, despite the incredibly significant advances in this specific area of sociology, the above problem is still far from resolved. In this regard, the key task of this Special Issue is to familiarize its readers with the latest achievements both in the search for new, more advanced bibliometric indicators and in the improvement of existing ones.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- conference indicator --- conference impact factor --- conference accreditation --- bibliometric measure --- scientometrics --- scientometric indicators --- Russian professors --- sociological polls --- scientometric politics --- scientometric indexes --- scholarly publications --- scientific contribution of individual --- author-suggested weighted citation index --- bibliometric --- human capital --- universities --- trends --- higher education --- citation analysis --- emerging country --- Kazakhstan --- Lotka's law --- network analysis --- publication trend --- research productivity --- scientific activity --- technology assessment --- research collaboration --- patent analysis --- bibliometric indicators --- sustainable development goals --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- academic surgery --- conference indicator --- conference impact factor --- conference accreditation --- bibliometric measure --- scientometrics --- scientometric indicators --- Russian professors --- sociological polls --- scientometric politics --- scientometric indexes --- scholarly publications --- scientific contribution of individual --- author-suggested weighted citation index --- bibliometric --- human capital --- universities --- trends --- higher education --- citation analysis --- emerging country --- Kazakhstan --- Lotka's law --- network analysis --- publication trend --- research productivity --- scientific activity --- technology assessment --- research collaboration --- patent analysis --- bibliometric indicators --- sustainable development goals --- systematic review --- meta-analysis --- academic surgery

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Epidemiology --- Biomathematics --- Mathematical models --- Mathematical models. --- Diseases --- Public health --- Epidemiologia --- Models matemàtics --- Biomatemàtica --- Biologia --- Matemàtica --- Model de Lotka-Volterra --- Biometria --- Models (Matemàtica) --- Models experimentals --- Models teòrics --- Mètodes de simulació --- Anàlisi de sistemes --- Mètode de Montecarlo --- Modelització multiescala --- Models economètrics --- Models lineals (Estadística) --- Models multinivell (Estadística) --- Models no lineals (Estadística) --- Programació (Ordinadors) --- Simulació per ordinador --- Teoria de màquines --- Models biològics --- Salut pública --- Comorbiditat --- Epidèmies --- Epidemiologia molecular --- Farmacoepidemiologia --- Morbiditat --- Malalties