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Maternal care influences hippocampal development in the rat. The offspring of mothers that exhibit increased levels of pup licking/grooming and arched-back nursing (High LG-ABN mothers) show increased hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor binding and enhanced hippocampal-dependent spatial learning. In these studies we examined whether environmental enrichment from days 22-70 of life might reverse the effects of low maternal care. Environmental enrichment eliminated the differences between the offspring of High and Low LG-ABN mothers in both Morris water maze learning and object recognition. However, enrichment did not reverse the effect of maternal care on long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus or on hippocampal NMDA receptor binding. In contrast, peripubertal enrichment did reverse the effects of maternal care on hippocampal a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor binding. These findings provide evidence for the reversal of the effects of reduced maternal investment in early life on cognitive function in adulthood. Such effects might involve compensatory changes associated with peripubertal enrichment. (C) 2003 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Adulthood. --- Ampa receptors. --- Care. --- Cognitive function. --- Dentate gyrus. --- Development. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Expression. --- Function. --- Hippocampal. --- Investment. --- Learning. --- Level. --- Life. --- Long-term potentiation. --- Long-term. --- Maternal care. --- Maternal investment. --- Maternal-care. --- Maternal. --- Maze learning. --- Memory. --- Mice. --- Morris water maze. --- Mother. --- Nmda receptor. --- Nursing. --- Object recognition. --- Object. --- Parental care,enriched,cognition,glutamate receptors. --- Plasticity. --- Potentiation. --- Prenatal stress. --- Rat hippocampus. --- Rat. --- Receptor antagonist. --- Receptor-binding. --- Receptor. --- Recognition. --- Responses. --- Spatial learning. --- Spatial.

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Rearing mice from birth in an enriched environment leads to a conspicuous acceleration of visual system development appreciable at behavioral, electrophysiological and molecular level. Little is known about the possible mechanisms of action through which enriched environment affects visual system development. It has been suggested that differences in maternal behavior between enriched and non-enriched conditions could contribute to the earliest effects of enriched environment on visual development and that neurotrophins, BDNF in particular, might be involved. Here, we examined Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels in the visual cortex during development and showed that an increase occurs in the first week of life in enriched pups compared to standard reared pups; BDNF levels at birth were equal in the two groups. This suggests a postnatal rather than a prenatal effect of environment on BDNF. A detailed analysis of maternal care behavior showed that pups raised in a Condition of social and physical enrichment experienced higher levels of licking behavior and physical contact compared to standard reared pups and that enhanced levels of licking were also provided to pups in an enriched environment where no adult females other than the mother were present. Thus, different levels of maternal care in different environmental conditions could act as indirect mediator for the earliest effects of enrichment on Visual system development. Some of the effects of different levels of maternal care on the offspring behavior are long lasting. We measured the visual acuity of differentially reared mice at the end of the period Of Visual acuity development (postnatal day 45) and at 12 months of age, using a behavioral discrimination task. We found better learning abilities and higher visual acuity in enriched compared to standard reared mice at both ages. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Ability. --- Adult cortex. --- Adult. --- Age. --- Analysis. --- Bdnf. --- Behavior. --- Birth. --- Brain. --- Care. --- Contact. --- Cortex. --- Critical period. --- Dendritic growth. --- Development. --- Discrimination. --- Enriched environment. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Female. --- Females. --- Group. --- Growth-factor-i. --- Increase. --- Learning ability. --- Learning-ability. --- Learning. --- Level. --- Licking behavior. --- Life. --- Long-term potentiation. --- Maternal behavior. --- Maternal care. --- Maternal touch. --- Maternal-behavior. --- Maternal-care. --- Maternal. --- Mechanisms. --- Mice. --- Mother. --- Neurotrophic factor. --- Physical. --- Plasticity. --- Prenatal. --- Pups. --- Rat-brain. --- Rearing. --- Social. --- Spatial memory. --- Synaptic-transmission. --- System. --- Task. --- Time. --- Visual acuity. --- Visual system development. --- Visual-cortex.

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This book is a collection of scientific articles which brings research in Si nanodevices, device processing, and materials. The content is oriented to optoelectronics with a core in electronics and photonics. The issue of current technology developments in the nanodevices towards 3D integration and an emerging of the electronics and photonics as an ultimate goal in nanotechnology in the future is presented. The book contains a few review articles to update the knowledge in Si-based devices and followed by processing of advanced nano-scale transistors. Furthermore, material growth and manufacturing of several types of devices are presented. The subjects are carefully chosen to critically cover the scientific issues for scientists and doctoral students.

Technology: general issues --- silicon --- yolk−shell structure --- anode --- lithium-ion batteries --- in-plane nanowire --- site-controlled --- epitaxial growth --- germanium --- nanowire-based quantum devices --- HfO2/Si0.7Ge0.3 gate stack --- ozone oxidation --- Si-cap --- interface state density --- passivation --- GOI --- photodetectors --- dark current --- responsivity --- prussian blue nanoparticles --- organotrialkoxysilane --- silica beads --- arsenite --- arsenate --- water decontamination --- vertical gate-all-around (vGAA) --- digital etch --- quasi-atomic-layer etching (q-ALE) --- selective wet etching --- HNO3 concentration --- doping effect --- vertical Gate-all-around (vGAA) --- p+-Ge0.8Si0.2/Ge stack --- dual-selective wet etching --- atomic layer etching (ALE) --- stacked SiGe/Si --- epitaxial grown --- Fin etching --- FinFET --- short-term potentiation (STP) --- long-term potentiation (LTP) --- charge-trap synaptic transistor --- band-to-band tunneling --- pattern recognition --- neural network --- neuromorphic system --- Si-MOS --- quantum dot --- spin qubits --- quantum computing --- GeSn --- CVD --- lasers --- detectors --- transistors --- III-V on Si --- heteroepitaxy --- threading dislocation densities (TDDs) --- anti-phase boundaries (APBs) --- selective epitaxial growth (SEG) --- n/a

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High-quality primary data publications and review articles have been selected for publication in this Special Issue. They, collectively, draw a comprehensive picture of some of the most relevant questions linking (healthy) nutrition to brain development and brain disorders.

cocaine self-administration --- high-fat diet --- high-sugar diet --- maternal diet --- pregnancy and lactation --- melanocortin-4 receptor --- offspring brain --- rat offspring --- maternal nutrition --- protein restriction --- fetal brain --- hypothalamus --- differentiation --- neurogenesis --- transcriptomics --- epitranscriptomics --- mitochondria --- PKU --- cognitive outcomes --- cross-cultural --- cross-countries --- Phe associations --- spearmint --- rosmarinic acid --- polyphenol --- amyloid fibril --- amyloid beta --- alpha-synuclein --- Tau --- dementia --- human milk oligosaccharides --- cognition --- brain development --- animal behaviour --- fucosyllactose --- sialyllactose --- long term potentiation --- gut–brain–axis --- gut microbiome --- short-chain fatty acids --- bacterial metabolites --- SCFA --- manganese --- blood–brain barrier --- blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier --- choroid plexus --- ketogenic supplement --- ketosis --- aging --- lifespan --- neurodegenerative disease --- learning --- memory --- early childhood --- nutrition --- Mediterranean diet --- body mass index --- cognitive development --- multi-omics --- microvascular --- brain --- high glycemic diet --- soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor --- maless --- depression --- affective disorder --- gut-brain-axis --- bacteria --- probiotics --- therapy --- treatment --- n/a --- blood-brain barrier --- blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

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High-quality primary data publications and review articles have been selected for publication in this Special Issue. They, collectively, draw a comprehensive picture of some of the most relevant questions linking (healthy) nutrition to brain development and brain disorders.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- cocaine self-administration --- high-fat diet --- high-sugar diet --- maternal diet --- pregnancy and lactation --- melanocortin-4 receptor --- offspring brain --- rat offspring --- maternal nutrition --- protein restriction --- fetal brain --- hypothalamus --- differentiation --- neurogenesis --- transcriptomics --- epitranscriptomics --- mitochondria --- PKU --- cognitive outcomes --- cross-cultural --- cross-countries --- Phe associations --- spearmint --- rosmarinic acid --- polyphenol --- amyloid fibril --- amyloid beta --- alpha-synuclein --- Tau --- dementia --- human milk oligosaccharides --- cognition --- brain development --- animal behaviour --- fucosyllactose --- sialyllactose --- long term potentiation --- gut-brain-axis --- gut microbiome --- short-chain fatty acids --- bacterial metabolites --- SCFA --- manganese --- blood-brain barrier --- blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier --- choroid plexus --- ketogenic supplement --- ketosis --- aging --- lifespan --- neurodegenerative disease --- learning --- memory --- early childhood --- nutrition --- Mediterranean diet --- body mass index --- cognitive development --- multi-omics --- microvascular --- brain --- high glycemic diet --- soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor --- maless --- depression --- affective disorder --- gut-brain-axis --- bacteria --- probiotics --- therapy --- treatment --- cocaine self-administration --- high-fat diet --- high-sugar diet --- maternal diet --- pregnancy and lactation --- melanocortin-4 receptor --- offspring brain --- rat offspring --- maternal nutrition --- protein restriction --- fetal brain --- hypothalamus --- differentiation --- neurogenesis --- transcriptomics --- epitranscriptomics --- mitochondria --- PKU --- cognitive outcomes --- cross-cultural --- cross-countries --- Phe associations --- spearmint --- rosmarinic acid --- polyphenol --- amyloid fibril --- amyloid beta --- alpha-synuclein --- Tau --- dementia --- human milk oligosaccharides --- cognition --- brain development --- animal behaviour --- fucosyllactose --- sialyllactose --- long term potentiation --- gut-brain-axis --- gut microbiome --- short-chain fatty acids --- bacterial metabolites --- SCFA --- manganese --- blood-brain barrier --- blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier --- choroid plexus --- ketogenic supplement --- ketosis --- aging --- lifespan --- neurodegenerative disease --- learning --- memory --- early childhood --- nutrition --- Mediterranean diet --- body mass index --- cognitive development --- multi-omics --- microvascular --- brain --- high glycemic diet --- soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor --- maless --- depression --- affective disorder --- gut-brain-axis --- bacteria --- probiotics --- therapy --- treatment