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Behavior and plasma cortisol levels were examined in puppies and juvenile/adult dogs admitted to a public animal shelter. A behavioral test was developed to assess the responses of the dogs to novel or threatening conditions. Factor analysis of the behavioral responses of 166 dogs on day 3 in the shelter yielded six factors (locomotor activity, flight, sociability, timidity, solicitation, and wariness) that accounted for 68% of the total variance. Among those dogs remaining in the shelter for 9 days, plasma cortisol levels declined from day 2 to 9. Cortisol levels were weakly related to factor scores. In order to explore the relation of measures in the shelter to later behavior, questionnaires assessing problem behaviors were mailed to new owners of dogs 2 weeks and 6 months following adoption. Among puppies, wariness scores were negatively correlated with behavior problems at 2 weeks and cortisol levels were negatively correlated with behavior problems at 6 months. These results suggest how measures of behavior and endocrine activity obtained in shelters might prove useful for screening dogs for adoption or targeting dogs for behavioral intervention.

Ability. --- Activity. --- Adoption. --- Analysis. --- Animal shelter. --- Animal. --- Behavior problems. --- Behavior. --- Behavioral test. --- Behavioral-responses. --- Cortisol-levels. --- Cortisol. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Endocrine. --- Exploration. --- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. --- Level. --- Locomotor activity. --- Locomotor-activity. --- Plasma-cortisol. --- Plasma. --- Puppies. --- Puppy. --- Questionnaire. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Shelter. --- Shelters. --- Temperament test. --- Test. --- Timidity.

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Biological techniques --- Animal physiology. Animal biophysics --- Mammals --- Horses. --- Locomotion. --- Locomotions --- Equus caballus --- Equus przewalskii --- Horse, Domestic --- Domestic Horse --- Domestic Horses --- Horse --- Horses, Domestic --- Theses --- Horses --- Locomotion --- Locomotor Activity --- Activities, Locomotor --- Activity, Locomotor --- Locomotor Activities

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Recent clinical evidence supports the potential of neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonists as novel antidepressant drugs. A number of NK1 antagonists have reduced affinity for rat and mouse NK1 receptors compared to human, making it difficult to test for efficacy in traditional animal models. NK1 antagonists, in general, have similar affinity at gerbil and human NK1 receptors. The aims of these studies were, first to validate the gerbil tail suspension test, a test used frequently to demonstrate antidepressant drug efficacy in mice, and second, to determine whether the test could be used to demonstrate the antidepressant potential of NK1 antagonists. Immobility time was reduced by oral administration of the antidepressants imipramine (3-30 mg/kg), desipramine (1-30 mg/kg), amitriptyline (30 mg/kg), fluoxetine (1-30 mg/kg), paroxetine (3-10 mg/kg), citalopram (0.1-3 mg/kg), sertraline (1-30 mg/kg), venlafaxine (1-30 mg/kg) and nefazodone (100 mg/kg). Furthermore, oral administration of the NK1 antagonists M K-869 (10 mg/kg), L-742,694 (110 mg/kg), L-733,060 (10 mg/kg), CP-99,994 (30 mg/kg), and CP-122,721 (3-30 mg/kg) reduced immobility time. Diazepam (1-10 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide (1-10 mg/kg), buspirone (3-30 mgAg), FG-7142 (1-30 mg/kg), and haloperidol (1-10 mg/kg) did not reduce immobility. Amphetamine (0.3-10 mg/kg) and atropine (0.3-10 mg/kg) reduced immobility, suggesting susceptibility to false positives, e.g. compounds that affect locomotion. Compounds were therefore tested in a gerbil locomotor activity (LMA) test to ensure that the antidepressant-like effects were not secondary to effects on activity. Antidepressant drugs and NK1 antagonists had no effect on LMA at doses that reduced immobility, whereas amphetamine and atropine induced marked hyperactivity. These studies support both the utility of gerbils in behavioral pharmacology and the antidepressant potential of selective NK1 antagonists

Activity. --- Amphetamine. --- Animal model. --- Animal-model. --- Animal-models. --- Animal. --- Antidepressant drugs. --- Antidepressant. --- Anxiolytic-like. --- Atropine. --- Behavior. --- Blockade. --- Citalopram. --- Depression. --- Diazepam. --- Drug. --- Drugs. --- Fluoxetine. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Haloperidol. --- Human. --- Hyperactivity. --- Immobility. --- Inhibition. --- Locomotion. --- Locomotor activity. --- Locomotor-activity. --- Mice. --- Model. --- Models. --- Mouse. --- Neurokinin nk1 receptor antagonists. --- Neurokinin nk1 receptor. --- Nk1 receptor antagonists. --- Nonpeptide antagonist. --- Pharmacology. --- Rat. --- Receptor antagonist. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Social-interaction. --- Substance p. --- Substance-p receptors. --- Susceptibility. --- Tail suspension test. --- Test. --- Time.

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The present study investigated the effects of post-weaning social isolation (SI) on behavioural and neuroendocrine reactivity to stress of male and female rats. Innate aspects of fear and anxiety were assessed in the open field and elevated plus maze tests. Spontaneous startle reflex and conditioned fear response were further investigated. The neuroendocrine response of isolates was examined by measuring basal and stress release of ACTH and corticosterone and by evaluating the mRNA expression of mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors using in situ hybridization. Locomotor activity in the open field was not modified by chronic SI. In males, but not females, SI produced an anxiogenic profile in the elevated plus maze. Male isolates showed a trend towards increased startle reflex amplitude relative to socially-reared controls. Moreover, SI in males produced alterations of the HPA axis functioning as reflected by higher basal levels of ACTH, and enhanced release of ACTH and corticosterone following stress. In contrast, startle response or HPA axis functioning were not altered in female isolates. Social isolates from both genders showed reduced contextual fear-conditioning. Finally, the mRNA expression of MR and GR was not modified by SI. The results of the present study suggest that chronic SI increases emotional reactivity to stress and produces a hyperfunction of the HPA axis in adult rats, particularly in males. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Acoustic startle response. --- Acth. --- Activity. --- Adult rats. --- Adult-rat. --- Adult-rats. --- Adult. --- Anxiety. --- Conditioned fear. --- Control. --- Corticosterone. --- Differentially reared rats. --- Elevated plus maze. --- Elevated plus-maze. --- Emotional reactivity. --- Expression. --- Fear. --- Female rats. --- Female. --- Females. --- Field. --- Gender. --- Glucocorticoid receptors. --- Glucocorticoid. --- Hpa axis. --- Hybridization. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Innate. --- Isolation. --- Latent inhibition. --- Level. --- Locomotor activity. --- Locomotor-activity. --- Male lewis. --- Male. --- Males. --- Maternal separation. --- Mineralocorticoid receptors. --- Neuroendocrine. --- Open field. --- Open-field. --- Post weaning. --- Prepulse inhibition. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Reactivity. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Reflex. --- Release. --- Response. --- Social isolation. --- Social-isolation. --- Social. --- Sprague-dawley. --- Startle. --- Strain differences. --- Stress. --- Switzerland. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Time.