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Load balancing in network and data-centres consists in distributing the traffic as evenly as possible across links and servers. This works aim at proving that a new telemetry tool, IOAM, can be used to measure the current status of a network and use the information collected together with segment routing to implement a dynamic load balancing. A load balancing program that relies on IOAM measurement of a network node queue length was successfully developed and tested to demonstrate feasibility and identify key attention points.

To test the program, two virtual topologies were implemented using linux namespaces. One with a single path to the servers, and one with multiple paths where segment routing was used to determine which path is used for which server. 

Tests were realised over the two topologies to identify strengths and weaknesses of the developed load balancing program. The test results show that the program meets the target of balancing the traffic across the different paths and servers in all test cases. They highlight how the need for collecting information about the different client connections influences the accuracy and reactivity of the load balancing. IOAM does not provide information on flow loads on the network. The information was computed by counting the packets each client send to the servers. This is the main weak point of load balancing with IOAM since it introduces a delay and reduces the overall performances.
Finally, tests were realised to determine how much IOAM can increase packet loss. The results indicate that including an IOAM header in all packets can generate significant packet losses. The more packets with IOAM header, the higher the packet loss, but including IOAM header in only a quarter of the packets does not create a significant increase in packet loss.

In conclusion, the results in this work indicate that IOAM can be used together with segment routing to implement a dynamic load balancing over a virtual network. It is a promising approach, and future works could explore how to improve the load balancing algorithm, and how to collect information about the client connection size in a more efficient and accurate way. This work provides tests of the load balancing program on a small scale, with only a small number of clients and servers, and low bandwidth. It is a proof of concept and a larger work could be initiated with more tests on a larger scale to determine how far such load balancing program could be used in an actual case. Then it will be important to test load balancing with IOAM and segment routing in real world, on a non-virtual topology.

load balancing, IOAM --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Sciences informatiques

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This work develops a set of peer-to-peer-based protocols and extensions in order to provide Internet-wide group communication. The focus is put to the question how different access technologies can be integrated in order to face the growing traffic load problem. Thereby, protocols are developed that allow autonomous adaptation to the current network situation on the one hand and the integration of WiFi domains where applicable on the other hand.

Adaptive Networks --- Wireless Communication --- Traffic Load Balancing --- Peer-to-Peer --- Application-Layer Multicast

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The prevalence of smart devices and cloud computing has led to an explosion in the amount of data generated by IoT devices. Moreover, emerging IoT applications, such as augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR), intelligent transportation systems, and smart factories require ultra-low latency for data communication and processing. Fog/edge computing is a new computing paradigm where fully distributed fog/edge nodes located nearby end devices provide computing resources. By analyzing, filtering, and processing at local fog/edge resources instead of transferring tremendous data to the centralized cloud servers, fog/edge computing can reduce the processing delay and network traffic significantly. With these advantages, fog/edge computing is expected to be one of the key enabling technologies for building the IoT infrastructure. Aiming to explore the recent research and development on fog/edge computing technologies for building an IoT infrastructure, this book collected 10 articles. The selected articles cover diverse topics such as resource management, service provisioning, task offloading and scheduling, container orchestration, and security on edge/fog computing infrastructure, which can help to grasp recent trends, as well as state-of-the-art algorithms of fog/edge computing technologies.

cloud computing --- container orchestration --- custom metrics --- Docker --- edge computing --- Horizontal Pod Autoscaling (HPA) --- Kubernetes --- Prometheus --- resource metrics --- fog computing --- task allocation --- multi-objective optimization --- evolutionary genetics --- hyper-angle --- crowding distance --- containers --- leader election --- load balancing --- stateful --- multi-access edge computing --- orchestrator --- task offloading --- fuzzy logic --- 5G --- fog/edge computing --- service provisioning --- service placement --- service offloading --- Internet of Things (IoT) --- task scheduling --- markov decision process (MDP) --- deep reinforcement learning (DRL) --- resource management --- algorithm classification --- evaluation framework --- web --- Web Assembly --- OpenCL --- LWC --- fast implementation --- Internet of things --- IoT actor --- data manager --- GDPR --- computing --- computational offloading --- dynamic offloading threshold --- minimizing delay --- minimizing energy consumption --- maximizing throughputs --- n/a

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A smart city is a modern technology-driven urban area which uses sensing devices, information, and communication technology connected to the internet of things (IoTs) for the optimum and efficient utilization of infrastructures and services with the goal of improving the living conditions of citizens. Increasing populations, lower budgets, limited resources, and compatibility of the upgraded technologies are some of the few problems affecting the implementation of smart cities. Hence, there is continuous advancement regarding technologies for the implementation of smart cities. The aim of this Special Issue is to report on the design and development of integrated/smart sensors, a universal interfacing platform, along with the IoT framework, extending it to next-generation communication networks for monitoring parameters of interest with the goal of achieving smart cities. The proposed universal interfacing platform with the IoT framework will solve many challenging issues and significantly boost the growth of IoT-related applications, not just in the environmental monitoring domain but in the other key areas, such as smart home, assistive technology for the elderly care, smart city with smart waste management, smart E-metering, smart water supply, intelligent traffic control, smart grid, remote healthcare applications, etc., signifying benefits for all countries.

n/a --- data mining algorithms --- pressure sensors --- proactive content delivery --- Elman neural network --- cockroaches --- capacitive sensor --- renewable energy --- indoor comfort --- impedance measurement --- Internet of things (IoT) --- context awareness --- redundant capacity --- city behavior --- secondary traffic --- SDN --- ontology --- bi-reflector solar PV system (BRPVS) --- air quality --- ontology development --- assistive living --- sol-gel technique --- decision support system --- ambient assisted living --- LCC converter --- insect surveillance --- sensitivity --- wireless sensor node (WSN) --- unpowered --- load balancing --- wireless sensor network --- dynamic range --- solar --- anomaly detection --- location-based social networks --- real-time assessment --- porous alumina --- IoT --- building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) --- carbon nanotubes --- six-port structure --- domestic environment reconfiguration --- half bridge --- smart mat --- cloud computing --- differentiated services --- reflection-based --- nanocomposite sensor --- ppm --- chemical sensors --- sensor systems and applications --- tensile testing --- WSN --- smart traps --- ontology-based application --- hotel room comfort

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The editors of this Special Issue titled “Intelligent Control in Energy Systems” have attempted to create a book containing original technical articles addressing various elements of intelligent control in energy systems. In response to our call for papers, we received 60 submissions. Of those submissions, 27 were published and 33 were rejected. In this book, we offer the 27 accepted technical articles as well as one editorial. Authors from 15 countries (China, Netherlands, Spain, Tunisia, United Sates of America, Korea, Brazil, Egypt, Denmark, Indonesia, Oman, Canada, Algeria, Mexico, and the Czech Republic) elaborate on several aspects of intelligent control in energy systems. The book covers a broad range of topics including fuzzy PID in automotive fuel cell and MPPT tracking, neural networks for fuel cell control and dynamic optimization of energy management, adaptive control on power systems, hierarchical Petri Nets in microgrid management, model predictive control for electric vehicle battery and frequency regulation in HVAC systems, deep learning for power consumption forecasting, decision trees for wind systems, risk analysis for demand side management, finite state automata for HVAC control, robust ?-synthesis for microgrids, and neuro-fuzzy systems in energy storage.

energy management system --- artificial neural network --- control architecture --- intelligent buildings --- sensitivity analysis --- neural networks --- active balance --- photovoltaic system --- fast frequency response --- artificial intelligence --- MPPT operation --- model uncertainty --- load frequency control --- decision tree --- multi-agent control --- hybrid power plant --- Fault Ride Through Capability --- optimization --- small scale compressed air energy storage (SS-CAES) --- smart micro-grid --- current distortion --- hybrid electric vehicle --- parameter estimation --- railway --- ANFIS --- solar monitoring system --- urban microgrids --- phase-load balancing --- model reduction --- high-speed railway --- energy internet --- coordination of reserves --- differential evolution --- photovoltaic array --- ancillary service --- adjacent areas --- instantaneous optimization minimum power loss --- model predictive control --- HVAC systems --- sliding mode control --- MPPT: maximum power point tracking --- power oscillations --- thyristor --- interaction minimization --- occupancy model --- fuzzy logic controller --- power transformer winding --- RLS --- integrated energy systems --- vibration characteristics --- battery safety --- error estimation --- error compensation --- static friction --- convolutional neural network --- forecasting --- continuous voltage control --- medium voltage --- bridgeless SEPIC PFC converter --- building climate control --- PEM fuel cell --- proton exchange membrane fuel cell --- compound structured permanent-magnet motor --- occupancy-based control --- four phases interleaved boost converter --- long short term memory --- line switching --- lithium-ion battery pack --- back propagation (BP) neural network --- doubly-fed induction generator --- double forgetting factors --- current controller design --- repetitive controller --- exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve system --- neural network controller --- step-up boost converter --- internal short circuit resistance --- electric power consumption --- electric vehicle --- multiphysical field analysis --- energy efficiency --- multi-energy complementary --- system identification --- ?-synthesis --- network sensitivity --- intelligent control --- ?-class function --- frequency support --- multi-step forecasting --- frequency containment reserve --- orthogonal least square --- rule-based control --- industrial process --- hierarchical Petri nets --- wind integrated power system --- probabilistic power flow --- voltage controlling --- adaptive backstepping --- AC-DC converters --- line loss --- demand side management --- energy systems --- short-circuit experiment --- winding-fault characteristics --- neutral section --- stochastic power system operating point drift --- neural network algorithm --- operation limit violations --- fractional order fuzzy PID controller --- preventive control --- AC static switch --- battery packs --- model-based fault detection --- automotive application --- nonlinear power systems --- adaptive damping control --- pilot point --- energy management --- position control --- frequency control dead band --- fuzzy --- voltage violations --- distribution network planning --- frequency regulation --- energy management strategy --- multiple-point control --- electric meter --- polynomial expansion --- commercial/residential buildings --- system modelling --- three-stage --- soft internal short circuit --- demand response