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Even though initially considered as a passive means for storing energy, lipids are now regarded as multifaceted molecules with crucial structural and functional activities. For instance, some of them play essential roles as key components of cell membranes whereas others act as signaling molecules in the regulation of cell homeostasis. In recent years, lipid research has attracted increasing interest because of the involvement of this class of compounds in human health. Indeed, a plethora of pathological conditions are characterized by alterations in lipid metabolism, such as cardiovascular diseases and brain disorders. This Special Issue is a collection of papers from different experts in lipid research, with the aim of providing new insights into the physiopathological involvement of lipids and their impact on human health. This collection also demonstrates the usefulness of interdisciplinary approaches in the development of novel methods to study and manipulate lipid metabolism, which may represent an attractive target for designing effective therapeutic strategies to counteract numerous pathologies.

neutral sphingomyelinase --- radiation --- sphingomyelin metabolism --- pathology --- cell signaling --- brain --- adipose tissue --- breast cancer --- epinephrine --- breast reconstruction --- epicardial fat thickness --- visceral fat thickness --- high-sensitivity c-reactive protein --- leptin --- gender --- female --- hippocampus --- frontal cortex --- adiponectin --- haptoglobin --- lipocalin --- BDNF --- synaptic proteins --- phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate --- phospholipase C --- cholesterol --- high-cholesterol diet --- BET proteins --- cell proliferation --- epigenetics --- HMGCR --- JQ1 --- LDLr --- lipid metabolism --- SREBP --- TMEM97 --- atherosclerosis --- diabetes mellitus --- cardiovascular disease --- chronic inflammation --- hyperglycemia --- mutations --- lipid --- fatty acid --- glyceride --- steroid --- phospholipid --- oral drug absorption --- prodrug --- phospholipase A2 (PLA2) --- acid sphingomyelinase --- SOD --- liver --- eicosanoids --- ischemic stroke --- ischemia --- lipoproteins --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- angiogenesis --- high-density lipoprotein --- endothelial cell --- metabolism --- metabolic reprogramming --- pulmonary fibrosis --- lipid mediators --- sphingolipids --- sphingosine-1-phosphate --- sphingosine kinase 1 --- prostaglandins --- lysophosphatidic acid --- autotaxin --- G-protein coupled receptors --- lysocardiolipin acyltransferase --- phospholipase D --- oxidized phospholipids --- DNA damage response --- double strand breaks --- ATM --- ionizing radiation --- metabolic stress --- oxidative stress --- p53 --- nuclear sphingolipids --- lipophagy --- lipolysis --- lipid droplets --- lipid storage diseases --- lipid metabolism diseases --- mTORC1 --- TFEB --- Cholesterol --- Fatty acids --- Lipid mediators --- Lipids --- Lipophagy --- Sphingolipids

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Almost 25 years ago, the first mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) channel was cloned and published. TRP channels now represent an extended family of 28 members fulfilling multiple roles in the living organism. Identified functions include control of body temperature, transmitter release, mineral homeostasis, chemical sensing, and survival mechanisms in a challenging environment. The TRP channel superfamily covers six families: TRPC with C for "canonical", TRPA with A for "ankyrin", TRPM with M for "melastatin", TRPML with ML for "mucolipidin", TRPP with P for "polycystin", and TRPV with V for "vanilloid". Over the last few years, new findings on TRP channels have confirmed their exceptional function as cellular sensors and effectors. This Special Book features a collection of 8 reviews and 7 original articles published in "Cells" summarizing the current state-of-the-art on TRP channel research, with a main focus on TRP channel activation, their physiological and pathophysiological function, and their roles as pharmacological targets for future therapeutic options.

n/a --- transient receptor potential channels --- photochromic ligands --- elementary immunology --- Purkinje cell --- EPSC --- substance P --- chemicals --- organ toxicity --- lymphocytes --- HSP70 --- physiology --- bioavailable --- inflammatory bowel disease --- platelets --- pollutants --- yeast --- regulatory T cells --- kinase --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- manganese --- cerebellum --- TRP channel --- NHERF --- inflammation --- nanoHPLC-ESI MS/MS --- TRPM7 --- chemical probes --- TRPM8 --- dorsal column nuclei --- TRPV2 --- TRPV3 --- calcitonin gene-related peptide --- TRPV1 --- ion channels --- transient receptor potential --- 2D gel electrophoresis --- MALDI-TOF MS(/MS) --- TRPV4 --- overproduction --- sulfur mustard --- oxidative stress --- graft versus host disease --- menthol --- topical --- chemosensor --- AP18 --- calcium signalling --- mucosal epithelium --- cuneate nucleus --- production platform --- TRPC channels --- ulcerative colitis --- channel structure --- xerostomia --- neutrophils --- cardiovascular system --- TRPC5 --- TRPC6 --- TRPC3 --- TRPC4 --- calcium signaling --- protein purification --- adipose tissue --- transient receptor potential (TRP) channels --- sodium --- TH17 --- diacylglycerol --- hypersensitivity --- TRPY1 --- GABAB --- HEK293 --- thrombosis --- ion channel --- TRPC --- pathophysiology --- SMAD --- toxicology --- endothelium --- calcium --- proteomics --- TRPA1 --- salivary glands --- TRP channels --- lipid mediators --- sensors --- radiation --- TRPM4 channel --- human medulla oblongata --- mGluR1 --- small molecules --- TRPC3 pharmacology

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Phospholipases are a ubiquitous group of enzymes that hydrolyze ester bonds within membrane phospholipids. These enzymes serve multiple biological functions that go far beyond a mere membrane remodeling role in cellular homeostasis; they also play key functions in nutrient digestion and the regulated formation of bioactive lipids involved in cell signaling. It is to the latter function, critical to life, that this book is primarily concerned with. All the chapters are written by renowned experts in the area, and provide forefront information on the role phospholipases in a number of physiological and pathophysiological settings.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- inhibitor --- metabolic stability --- α-methylation --- oxoesters --- phospholipase A2 --- adrenic acid --- arachidonic acid --- mass spectrometry --- lipid signaling --- inflammation --- monocytes/macrophages --- crotoxin --- snake venom --- lung impairment --- inflammatory response --- lipid mediators --- neuromuscular blocker --- lipidomics --- PAP-2 --- autotaxin --- lysophosphatidate --- G protein-coupled receptor --- PLA2G6 --- fatty liver --- phospholipid remodeling --- diet-induced obesity --- morbidly obesity --- choline and methionine deficiency --- glioblastoma --- sphingolipid --- sphingosine-1-phosphate --- sphingomyelinase --- sphingomyelin --- metastasis --- phosphatidic acid --- diacylglycerol --- lipin --- signaling --- cPLA2α --- psoriasis --- proliferation --- anti-inflammatory --- atherosclerosis --- phospholipases --- macrophages --- T cells --- lipins --- pancreatic islets --- β-cells --- insulin secretion --- glucose tolerance --- insulin resistance --- group VIA phospholipase A2 --- fatty acid --- knockout mouse --- lipid mediator --- lysophospholipid --- membrane --- phospholipid --- ceramide --- acidic sphingomyelinase --- neutral sphingomyelinase --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis --- preadipocytes --- prostaglandins --- adipokines --- cytokines --- EP receptors --- Group V phospholipase A2 --- lipids --- majeed syndrome --- LPIN2 --- LIPIN2 --- chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis --- chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis --- autoinflammatory --- inflammasome --- macrophage --- osteoclast

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This is collection of original and review articles selected in recognition of the contribution of Instituto Butantan to the field of toxinology and its continued and relevant role in this field in the 120 years since its foundation. Congratulations to the Butantan Institute, its house scientists, and collaborators on its 120th anniversary!

mass spectrometry --- proteome --- snake venom --- Bothrops jararaca --- breast cancer --- HF3 --- human plasma --- proteolysis --- snake venom metalloproteinase --- Bothrops atrox --- blister --- local damage --- DAMPs --- antivenom --- snakebite --- Bothrops --- metalloproteases --- inflammation --- microcirculation --- adhesion molecules --- leukocyte-endothelium interactions --- individual variability --- venom heterogeneity --- STEC --- Stx2 --- antibody fragment --- monoclonal antibody --- neurodegenerative disease --- neurodegeneration --- IL-17 --- glial cells --- crotoxin --- epithelial–mesenchymal transition --- spheroid model --- tumor stroma --- Lonomia --- envenoming --- innovation --- Tityus serrulatus --- venom components --- hypotensins --- NEP inhibition --- cytokines --- toxins --- venoms --- skin secretion --- drug discovery --- scorpion accidents --- lactation --- maternal care --- seizure threshold --- leech --- Haementeria vizottoi --- cysteine proteases inhibitor --- recombinant cystatin --- cathepsin L --- Cryptops iheringi --- centipede --- venom --- toxin --- transcriptome --- recombinant protein --- venomics --- chilopoda --- oral tolerance --- ELISA --- Bothrops phospholipases A2 --- lipid mediators --- signaling pathways --- fish venoms --- cytolysins --- multifunctionality --- pore formation --- Bitis arietans venom (BaV) --- Kn-Ba --- cytokines and chemokines --- PGE2 --- THP-1 macrophages --- analgesic peptide --- protein kinase C --- hyperalgesia --- cell-signaling --- Hyalomma dromedarii --- salivary glands --- serpin --- anticoagulants --- thrombin inhibitor --- β-defensins --- snakes --- antimicrobial activity --- bioisosterism --- peptides --- Thalassophryne --- nattectin --- reverse-phase HPLC --- MALDI-ToF --- hemagglutinating activity --- antibacterial activity --- toxinology --- animal toxins --- n/a --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition

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The trace mineral selenium is still regarded as one of the most interesting and health-beneficial elements. In addition to the Editorial containing a dedication to Dr. Leopold Flohé, this Special Issue contains 13 research articles and 8 reviews, with over 120 different contributors covering many of the most important subjects concerning the study of selenium. The articles address both selenium as well as selenoproteins and their molecular roles, providing important considerations regarding this trace element’s impact on human and animal health and disease.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- selenoproteome --- selenoprotein hierarchy --- nonradioactive isotopes --- SEC-ICP MS --- glutathione peroxidase --- thioredoxin reductase --- SECIS --- translation regulation --- autoimmune thyroid disease --- diabetes mellitus --- Graves' disease --- Hashimoto thyroiditis --- infection --- inflammation --- long-COVID --- rheumatoid arthritis --- selenoprotein P --- sepsis --- selenoprotein W --- thioredoxin --- 14-3-3 --- Akt --- cell death --- Selenof --- selenium --- selenoprotein --- colon cancer --- barrier integrity --- cardiovascular --- heart --- selenoproteins --- Keshan's Disease --- bacteria --- selenite --- selenium delivery system --- Trsp --- hypothalamus --- Agrp neuron --- sex differences --- diet-induced obesity --- leptin resistance --- macrophage --- differentiation --- redox signaling --- NRF2 --- NF-κB --- lipid mediators --- seleocysteine --- autoimmunity --- lymphocyte --- cadmium cytotoxicity --- cancer therapy --- cisplatin --- ICP-MS --- nonsynonymous mutation --- selenium homeostasis --- ZIP8 --- Trit1 --- isopentenylation --- tRNA[Ser]Sec --- selenocysteine --- genetic variance --- human disease --- selenophosphate synthetase --- endothelial cell --- reactive oxygen species --- cell growth --- angiogenesis --- SEPHS1 --- early embryogenesis --- embryonic lethality --- prostate --- cancer --- tumor suppressor --- selenoprotein deficiency --- SECISBP2 --- Sec-tRNA[Ser]Sec --- SEPSECS --- antioxidative defense --- autoantibody --- Hashimoto's thyroiditis --- trace element --- recoding --- SECIS-binding protein --- translation termination --- nonsense-mediated decay --- ribosome rescue --- health --- mouse models --- selenocysteine (Sec) --- virus --- viral --- antioxidant --- HIV --- HCV --- HBV --- coxsackie virus --- influenza --- HIV-1 --- viral infection --- SELENOS --- SELENOO --- primary T cells --- Jurkat --- SupT1 --- translational control