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Ornamental crops account for more than US $42 billion globally. With the exception of few floral species, limited genetic, genomic, and breeding information is publicly available, owing to the fact that the majority of breeding work is performed by the private sector. Public research programs are increasingly participating in ornamental cultivar development and genetic studies. With lower sequencing costs, genomic information of non-model species including ornamental crops is continuously becoming available. Ornamental breeding utilizes a wide array of breeding strategies ranging from traditional crossing and selection methods to the use of next-generation sequencing in genomics and transcriptomics for gene identification and trait development. A continuing search of new species for the ornamentals industry has resulted in the utilization of tools that increase diversity and in the development of alternative methods for obtaining new crops by achieving interspecific and intergeneric crosses. This Special Issue aimed to present papers on new breeding methods, novel cultivars and species entering the ornamental industry, the identification of genes conferring novel traits, technological developments in ornamentals research, and the use of next-generation sequencing to improve ornamental plants.

Technology: general issues --- Biotechnology --- Acer buergerianum --- Acer ginnala --- Acer platanoides --- Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala --- ploidy manipulation --- sterility --- Hydrangea macrophylla --- SSR --- SNP --- linkage map --- flower senescence --- nuclease --- nutrient deficiency --- petals --- programmed cell death --- virus induced gene silencing --- bolting --- cut flower --- germinal pore --- ornamental plant --- polyploidy periclinal chimera --- Plumbaginaceae --- polyploidy breeding --- cold hardiness --- LT50 --- sucrose --- oligosaccharides --- soluble sugar metabolism --- gene expression --- breeding --- geophytes --- interspecific cross --- plant hormone treatment --- pollen-pistil interaction --- pre-zygotic barrier --- Ranunculaceae --- n/a

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Ornamental crops account for more than US $42 billion globally. With the exception of few floral species, limited genetic, genomic, and breeding information is publicly available, owing to the fact that the majority of breeding work is performed by the private sector. Public research programs are increasingly participating in ornamental cultivar development and genetic studies. With lower sequencing costs, genomic information of non-model species including ornamental crops is continuously becoming available. Ornamental breeding utilizes a wide array of breeding strategies ranging from traditional crossing and selection methods to the use of next-generation sequencing in genomics and transcriptomics for gene identification and trait development. A continuing search of new species for the ornamentals industry has resulted in the utilization of tools that increase diversity and in the development of alternative methods for obtaining new crops by achieving interspecific and intergeneric crosses. This Special Issue aimed to present papers on new breeding methods, novel cultivars and species entering the ornamental industry, the identification of genes conferring novel traits, technological developments in ornamentals research, and the use of next-generation sequencing to improve ornamental plants.

Technology: general issues --- Biotechnology --- Acer buergerianum --- Acer ginnala --- Acer platanoides --- Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala --- ploidy manipulation --- sterility --- Hydrangea macrophylla --- SSR --- SNP --- linkage map --- flower senescence --- nuclease --- nutrient deficiency --- petals --- programmed cell death --- virus induced gene silencing --- bolting --- cut flower --- germinal pore --- ornamental plant --- polyploidy periclinal chimera --- Plumbaginaceae --- polyploidy breeding --- cold hardiness --- LT50 --- sucrose --- oligosaccharides --- soluble sugar metabolism --- gene expression --- breeding --- geophytes --- interspecific cross --- plant hormone treatment --- pollen-pistil interaction --- pre-zygotic barrier --- Ranunculaceae

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The exploitation of biodiversity is essential to select resilient genotypes for sustainable cropping systems as one of the main challenges for plant breeding. Mapping traits of agronomic interest in specific genomic regions appears as another pivotal effort for the future development of novel cultivars. For this purpose, there is evidence that MAGIC and other exotic populations will play a major role in the coming years in allowing for impressive gains in plant breeding for developing new generations of improved cultivars. This Special Issue focused on the application of advanced technologies devoted to crop improvement and exploit the available biodiversity in crops. In detail, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies supported the development of high-density genotyping arrays for different plants included in this issue.

natural variation --- maize --- nucleotide diversity --- domestication selection --- ZmPGP1 gene --- Ipomoea batatas --- genetic diversity --- SSR markers --- qualitative traits --- pure lines --- F1 hybrids --- microsatellite markers --- marker-assisted breeding --- crop improvement --- varieties --- Fragaria --- Rubus --- microsatellites --- transferability --- polymorphism --- introns --- exons --- flavonoid biosynthesis pathway --- transcription factor genes --- chitinase --- multiple population --- linkage mapping --- JLAM --- QTL --- validation --- genomic prediction --- maize lethal necrosis --- herbaceous peony --- molecular marker --- next-generation sequencing --- pedigree --- Vicia faba L., genetic diversity --- in situ conservation --- Olea europaea L. --- olive --- cpSSR --- nuSSR --- population structure --- Mediterranean Region --- GWAS --- drought --- barley --- spikelet development --- candidate gene --- linkage map --- RAD --- Solanum melongena --- n/a

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The way plants grow and develop organs significantly impacts the overall performance and yield of crop plants. The basic knowledge now available in plant development has the potential to help breeders in generating plants with defined architectural features to improve productivity. Plant translational research effort has steadily increased over the last decade due to the huge increase in the availability of crop genomic resources and Arabidopsis-based sequence annotation systems. However, a consistent gap between fundamental and applied science has yet to be filled. One critical point often brought up is the unreadiness of developmental biologists on one side to foresee agricultural applications for their discoveries, and of the breeders to exploit gene function studies to apply to candidate gene approaches when advantageous on the other. In this book, both developmental biologists and breeders make a special effort to reconcile research on the basic principles of plant development and organogenesis with its applications to crop production and genetic improvement. Fundamental and applied science contributions intertwine and chase each other, giving the reader different but complementary perspectives from only apparently distant corners of the same world.

HD-Zip transcription factors --- Plant in vitro cultures --- plant breeding --- recalcitrant species --- CLV --- wounding --- semi-dwarf --- photoreceptors --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- root development --- morphogenesis --- embryogenesis --- cytokinin --- auxin conjugation --- molecular marker --- Development --- boundaries --- translational research --- proline biosynthesis --- Brassicaceae --- meristem formation --- phytohormones --- stem cells --- meristem --- cytoskeleton --- hydrogen peroxide --- ligule --- genetic improvement --- tree phase change --- Rht18 --- hairy roots --- WUS --- GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) IAA-amido synthase group II --- photoperiod --- linkage map --- SAM --- ground tissue --- signaling --- differentiation --- protoxylem --- ambient temperature --- gibberellins --- molecular regulation --- proximodistal patterning --- wheat-rye hybrids --- RolD --- somatic cell selection --- flowering time --- plant development and organogenesis --- grass --- root --- wheat --- crop productivity --- genetic transformation --- regulatory networks --- light environment --- rol genes --- root plasticity --- morphogenic --- stem apical meristem --- auxin --- shoot meristem --- Arabidopsis --- organogenesis --- transformation --- Vasculature --- Organogenesis --- radial patterning --- plant development --- reduced height --- root apical meristem --- Asteraceae --- vernalization --- KNOX transcription factors --- locule --- plant cell and tissue culture --- Agrobacterium rhizogenes --- genes of reproductive isolation --- cell wall --- lateral root cap --- CLE --- auxin minimum --- age

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This volume presents recent research achievements concerning the molecular genetic basis of agronomic traits in rice. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important food crop in the world, being a staple food for more than half of the world’s population. Recent improvements in living standards have increased the worldwide demand for high-yielding and high-quality rice cultivars. To achieve improved agricultural performance in rice, while overcoming the challenges presented by climate change, it is essential to understand the molecular basis of agronomically important traits. Recently developed techniques in molecular biology, especially in genomics and other related omics fields, can reveal the complex molecular mechanisms involved in the control of agronomic traits. As rice was the first crop genome to be sequenced, in 2004, molecular research tools for rice are well-established, and further molecular studies will enable the development of novel rice cultivars with superior agronomic performance.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- chloroplast RNA splicing and ribosome maturation (CRM) domain --- intron splicing --- chloroplast development --- rice --- rice (Oryza sativa L.), grain size and weight --- Insertion/Deletion (InDel) markers --- multi-gene allele contributions --- genetic variation --- rice germplasm --- disease resistance --- microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) --- Pyricularia oryzae (formerly Magnaporthe oryzae) --- Oryza sativa (rice) --- receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- salinity --- osmotic stress --- combined stress --- GABA --- phenolic metabolism --- CIPKs genes --- shoot apical meristem --- transcriptomic analysis --- co-expression network --- tiller --- nitrogen rate --- rice (Oryza sativa L.) --- quantitative trait locus --- grain protein content --- single nucleotide polymorphism --- residual heterozygote --- rice (Oryza sativa) --- specific length amplified fragment sequencing --- Kjeldahl nitrogen determination --- near infrared reflectance spectroscopy --- heterosis --- yield components --- high-throughput sequence --- FW2.2-like gene --- tiller number --- grain yield --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- genome editing --- off-target effect --- heat stress --- transcriptome --- anther --- anthesis --- pyramiding --- bacterial blight --- marker-assisted selection --- foreground selection --- background selection --- japonica rice --- cold stress --- germinability --- high-density linkage map --- QTLs --- seed dormancy --- ABA --- seed germination --- chromosome segment substitution lines --- linkage mapping --- Oryza sativa L. --- chilling stress --- chlorophyll biosynthesis --- chloroplast biogenesis --- epidermal characteristics --- AAA-ATPase --- salicylic acid --- fatty acid --- Magnaporthe oryzae --- leaf senescence --- quantitative trait loci --- transcriptome analysis --- genetic --- epigenetic --- global methylation --- transgenic --- phenotype --- OsNAR2.1 --- dwarfism --- OsCYP96B4 --- metabolomics --- NMR --- qRT-PCR --- bHLH transcription factor --- lamina joint --- leaf angle --- long grain --- brassinosteroid signaling --- blast disease --- partial resistance --- pi21 --- haplotype --- high night temperature --- wet season --- dry season --- n/a