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Many historical processes are dynamic. Populations grow and decline. Empires expand and collapse. Religions spread and wither. Natural scientists have made great strides in understanding dynamical processes in the physical and biological worlds using a synthetic approach that combines mathematical modeling with statistical analyses. Taking up the problem of territorial dynamics--why some polities at certain times expand and at other times contract--this book shows that a similar research program can advance our understanding of dynamical processes in history. Peter Turchin develops hypotheses from a wide range of social, political, economic, and demographic factors: geopolitics, factors affecting collective solidarity, dynamics of ethnic assimilation/religious conversion, and the interaction between population dynamics and sociopolitical stability. He then translates these into a spectrum of mathematical models, investigates the dynamics predicted by the models, and contrasts model predictions with empirical patterns. Turchin's highly instructive empirical tests demonstrate that certain models predict empirical patterns with a very high degree of accuracy. For instance, one model accounts for the recurrent waves of state breakdown in medieval and early modern Europe. And historical data confirm that ethno-nationalist solidarity produces an aggressively expansive state under certain conditions (such as in locations where imperial frontiers coincide with religious divides). The strength of Turchin's results suggests that the synthetic approach he advocates can significantly improve our understanding of historical dynamics.

Historiometry. --- History --- Historical models --- Historiometry --- Historiometrics --- Biography --- Psychohistory --- Mathematical models. --- Methodology --- Psychological aspects --- Mathematical models --- Statistical methods --- Demography --- Asia Minor. --- Black Death. --- English Revolution. --- Europe. --- France. --- Russia. --- agrarian polities. --- asabiya. --- autocatalytic model. --- boom–bust dynamics. --- boundless growth. --- class structure. --- cliodynamics. --- collective solidarity. --- collectivism. --- commoners. --- conflict legitimacy dynamics. --- cultural regions. --- demographic-fiscal model. --- demographic-structural theory. --- dynamical processes. --- elites. --- empires. --- endogenous systems. --- equilibrium. --- ethnic assimilation. --- ethnic identity. --- ethnies. --- ethnogenesis. --- ethnokinetic model. --- ethnokinetics. --- frontier index. --- frontiers. --- geopolitics. --- group dynamics. --- group solidarity. --- hierarchical modeling. --- historical dynamics. --- historical sociology. --- imperial boundaries. --- individualism. --- internal warfare. --- linguistic assimilation. --- marchland position. --- mathematical modeling. --- mathematical models. --- mathematical theory. --- metaethnic fault lines. --- metaethnic frontier theory. --- metaethnic frontiers. --- metaethnie. --- metastable dynamics. --- noninteractive model. --- nonlinear dynamics. --- political cycles. --- political instability. --- polity dynamics. --- population density. --- population dynamics. --- population numbers. --- population oscillations. --- primary data. --- process order. --- quantitative theories. --- religious conversion. --- secondary data. --- secular cycles. --- secular oscillations. --- social capital. --- socioeconomic dynamics. --- sociopolitical stability. --- state breakdown. --- sustained oscillations. --- territorial dynamics. --- threshold model. --- vulnerability.

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This Special Issue includes fifteen original state-of-the-art research articles from leading scholars that examine cross-linguistic influence in bilingual speech. These experimental studies contribute to the growing number of studies on multilingual phonetics and phonology by introducing novel empirical data collection techniques, sophisticated methodologies, and acoustic analyses, while also presenting findings that provide robust theoretical implications to a variety of subfields, such as L2 acquisition, L3 acquisition, laboratory phonology, acoustic phonetics, psycholinguistics, sociophonetics, blingualism, and language contact. These studies in this book further elucidate the nature of phonetic interactions in the context of bilingualism and multilingualism and outline future directions in multilingual phonetics and phonology research.

Language --- second language acquisition --- phonology --- discrimination --- cross-linguistic assimilation --- obstruent --- affricate --- fricative --- dialect --- English --- Spanish --- L1 attrition --- speech --- foreign accent --- accent perception --- bilingual --- teacher --- bilingualism --- phonetics --- language mode --- cross-linguistic influence --- transfer --- voice onset time --- global accent rating --- American English --- Russian --- voicing --- classroom learning --- first language drift --- perceptual learning --- individual differences --- phonetic sensitivity --- crosslinguistic influence --- Korean --- laryngeal contrast --- vowel inventory --- heritage bilingualism --- early bilingualism --- speech production --- multilingualism --- third language acquisition --- speech perception --- rhotics --- final obstruent devoicing --- Korean Americans --- California Vowel Shift --- second language phonology --- immigrant minority speakers --- sound change --- Spanish-English bilinguals --- gender --- vowels --- vowel centralization --- vowel sequences --- sociophonetics --- competence --- fricative epithesis --- vowel devoicing --- center of gravity --- French --- acquisition --- agentivity --- directionality --- fricative (de)voicing --- Catalan–Spanish contact --- intonation --- language contact --- language attitudes --- social factors --- Basque --- Perceptual Assimilation Model --- second language speech learning --- English /r/ and /l/ --- Japanese --- English as a second language --- categorical perception --- compromise VOT --- voice timing --- performance mismatches --- dynamic phonetic interactions --- acoustic similarity --- perceptual similarity --- non-native discrimination --- non-native categorisation