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Lignin is one of the three major architectural biopolymers of lignocellulosic biomass, and the largest available feedstock of natural aromatic polymer on Earth. Its valorization in second-generation biorefineries remains a challenge. Among possible uses, lignin can be carbonized to create porous carbons, which are useful as supercapacitors, a kind of capacitor that also displays battery-like properties. Recent studies show lignin could also be exploited as a bio-sourced, redox-active material in batteries thanks to its numerous quinone-like moieties. Still, we lack fundamental pieces of knowledge about lignin, such as the impact of pretreatment type on lignin structure, molecular weight fractionation, organic solvent solubility or electrochemical properties. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, no research has been conducted on the use of soda-extracted lignin in batteries. 
In this master thesis, we fractionated soda-extracted lignin samples from three sources (softwood, hardwood, herbaceous), characterized them by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, high pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We linked their characteristics to their electrochemical capacity performances, measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Our results showed that organic solvent fractionation and pH-driven fractionation created a range of molecular weight-separated fractions of smaller polydispersity. All fractions had unique relative abundances of oxygenated functionalities. Soda-extracted lignin exhibited a ~16 mAh/g capacity. This showed that soda-extracted samples are as capacitive as Kraft-extracted samples reported in literature. Furthermore, our softwood samples displayed capacities 4 and 8 times higher than herbaceous and hardwood lignins, respectively.

polymer characterization --- supercapacitor --- lignin fractionation --- Hansen parameters --- electrochemical storage --- lignin valorization --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Chimie

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Renewable fuels and chemicals derived from lignocellulosic biomass offer unprecedented opportunities for replacing fossil fuel derivatives, reducing our overdependence on imported oil, and mitigating current climate change trends. Despite technical developments and considerable efforts, breakthrough technologies are still required to overcome hurdles in developing sustainable biorefineries. In recent years, new biorefinery concepts including a lignin-first approach and a closed-loop biorefinery have been introduced to tackle technoeconomic challenges. Furthermore, researchers have advanced the development of new technologies which enable the utilization of biomass components for sustainable materials. It is now apparent that advanced processes are essential for ensuring the success of future biorefineries. This book presents processes for biomass fractionation, lignin valorization, and sugar conversion or introduces new bioproducts (chemicals and materials) from renewable resources, addressing the current status, technical/technoeconomic challenges, and new strategies.

Technology: general issues --- Biomass --- two-step pretreatment --- steam explosion --- organosolv treatment --- empty fruit bunch --- pinewood --- green pretreatment --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- lignin structural features --- poplar --- FTIR --- contaminants --- by-products --- lignin valorization --- lignin applications --- 3D printing --- electrochemical material --- medical application --- drying effect --- cellulose --- hornification --- porosity --- bioethanol --- economic analysis --- hand sanitiser --- oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) --- simultaneous saccharification and fermentation --- SuperPro Designer® --- renewable fuel --- high-density fuel --- α-pinene dimerization --- turpentine --- stannic chloride molten salt hydrates --- xylooligosaccharides --- autohydrolysis --- sweet sorghum bagasse --- isobutanol --- biorefinery --- metabolic engineering --- biomass utilization --- aqueous biphasic system --- dilute acid hydrolysate --- furfural production --- solvent extraction --- response surface methodology --- biomass fractionation --- bioproducts

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Biomass is widely considered as a potential alternative to dwindling fossil fuel reserves. There is a large variety of biomass sources (oleaginous, lignocellulosic, algae, etc.), with many possible conversion routes and products. Currently, biomass is not just viewed as a source of biofuels, but also as an interesting feedstock for the production of bio-based chemicals that could largely replace petrochemicals. In this context, the search for new sustainable and efficient alternatives to fossil sources is gaining increasing relevance within the chemical industry. There, the role of catalysis is often critical for the development of clean and sustainable processes, aiming to produce commodity chemicals or liquid fuels with a high efficiency and atom economy. This book gathers works at the cutting edge of investigation in the application of catalysis, for the sustainable conversion of biomass into biofuels and bio-based chemicals.

bamboo --- pretreatment --- magnetic solid acid --- corncob --- reducing sugar --- wood waste --- biofuel --- lignocellulosic biomass --- NaOH pretreatment --- anaerobic co-digestion --- biomass --- waste seashell --- aldol condensation --- heterogeneous catalyst --- hydrogenolysis --- polyols --- monosaccharides --- hemicelluloses extracted liquor --- ReOx-Rh/ZrO2 catalysts --- sulfonated hydrothermal carbon --- solketal --- sulfonic solids --- ketalization --- continuous flow --- aerobic oxidation --- ruthenium --- heterogeneous catalysis --- lignin valorization --- guaiacyl glycerol-β-guaiacyl ether --- pyrolysis --- ketonisation --- bio-oil --- turnover frequencies (TOFs) --- biomass-derived aqueous phase upgrading --- olefin production --- oxide catalyst zinc–zirconia --- bauxite --- Li2CO3 --- transesterification --- soybean oil --- glucose --- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural --- LTL-zeolites --- used cooking oil --- deoxygenation --- decarboxylation --- decarbonylation --- nickel --- copper --- iron --- platinum --- hydrocarbons --- algae --- thermochemical conversion --- catalytic upgrading --- high-grade liquid fuel --- n/a --- oxide catalyst zinc-zirconia

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Biomass is widely considered as a potential alternative to dwindling fossil fuel reserves. There is a large variety of biomass sources (oleaginous, lignocellulosic, algae, etc.), with many possible conversion routes and products. Currently, biomass is not just viewed as a source of biofuels, but also as an interesting feedstock for the production of bio-based chemicals that could largely replace petrochemicals. In this context, the search for new sustainable and efficient alternatives to fossil sources is gaining increasing relevance within the chemical industry. There, the role of catalysis is often critical for the development of clean and sustainable processes, aiming to produce commodity chemicals or liquid fuels with a high efficiency and atom economy. This book gathers works at the cutting edge of investigation in the application of catalysis, for the sustainable conversion of biomass into biofuels and bio-based chemicals.

Technology: general issues --- bamboo --- pretreatment --- magnetic solid acid --- corncob --- reducing sugar --- wood waste --- biofuel --- lignocellulosic biomass --- NaOH pretreatment --- anaerobic co-digestion --- biomass --- waste seashell --- aldol condensation --- heterogeneous catalyst --- hydrogenolysis --- polyols --- monosaccharides --- hemicelluloses extracted liquor --- ReOx-Rh/ZrO2 catalysts --- sulfonated hydrothermal carbon --- solketal --- sulfonic solids --- ketalization --- continuous flow --- aerobic oxidation --- ruthenium --- heterogeneous catalysis --- lignin valorization --- guaiacyl glycerol-β-guaiacyl ether --- pyrolysis --- ketonisation --- bio-oil --- turnover frequencies (TOFs) --- biomass-derived aqueous phase upgrading --- olefin production --- oxide catalyst zinc-zirconia --- bauxite --- Li2CO3 --- transesterification --- soybean oil --- glucose --- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural --- LTL-zeolites --- used cooking oil --- deoxygenation --- decarboxylation --- decarbonylation --- nickel --- copper --- iron --- platinum --- hydrocarbons --- algae --- thermochemical conversion --- catalytic upgrading --- high-grade liquid fuel