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AFN North Africa --- Algeria --- climates --- light intensity --- natural regions

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The SHRUG is an open data platform describing multidimensional socioeconomic development across 600,000 villages and towns in India. This paper presents three illustrative analyses only possible with high-resolution data. First, it confirms that nighttime lights are highly significant proxies for population, employment, per-capita consumption, and electrification at very local levels. However, elasticities between night lights and these variables are far lower in time series than in cross section, and vary widely across context and level of aggregation. Next, this study shows that the distribution of manufacturing employment across villages follows a power law: the majority of rural Indians have considerably less access to manufacturing employment than is suggested by aggregate data. Third, a poverty mapping exercise explores local heterogeneity in living standards and estimates the potential targeting improvement from allocating programs at the village- rather than at the district-level. The SHRUG can serve as a model for open high-resolution data in developing countries.

Electrification --- Employment --- Inequality --- Living Standards --- Manufacturing --- Nighttime Light Intensity --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Labor Markets --- Rural Poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction

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Over the past decade, nighttime lights have become a widely used proxy for measuring economic activity. This paper examines the potential for high frequency nighttime lights data to provide "near real-time" tracking of the economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis in Morocco. At the national level, there exists a strong correlation between quarterly movements in Morocco's overall nighttime light intensity and movements in its real GDP. This finding supports the use of lights data to track the economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis at higher temporal frequencies and at the subnational level, for which GDP data are unavailable. Consistent with large economic impacts of the crisis, Morocco experienced a large drop in the overall intensity of its lights in March 2020, from which it has subsequently struggled to recover, following the country's first COVID-19 case and the introduction of strict lockdown measures. At the subnational level, while all regions shared in March's national decline in nighttime light intensity, Rabat - Sale - Kenitra, Tanger - Tetouan - Al Hoceima, and Fes - Meknes suffered much larger declines than others. Since then, the relative effects of the COVID-19 shock across regions have largely persisted. Overall, the results suggest that, at least for Morocco, changes in nighttime lights can help to detect the timing of changes in the direction of real GDP, but caution is needed in using lights data to derive precise quantitative estimates of changes in real GDP.

Conflict and Development --- Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Disaster Management --- Disease Control and Prevention --- Economic Activity --- Hazard Risk Management --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Industrial Economics --- Industry --- Nighttime Light Intensity --- Real-Time Monitoring

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This paper estimates the impact of a differential relaxation of COVID-19 containment policies on aggregate economic activity in India. Following a uniform national lockdown, the Government of India classified all districts into three zones with varying containment measures in May 2020. Using a difference-in-differences approach, the paper estimates the impact of these restrictions on nighttime light intensity, a standard high-frequency proxy for economic activity. To conduct this analysis, pandemic-era, district-level data from a range of novel sources are combined - monthly nighttime lights from global satellites; Facebook's mobility data from individual smartphone locations; and high-frequency, household-level survey data on income and consumption, supplemented with data from the Indian Census and the Reserve Bank of India. The analysis finds that nighttime light intensity in May was 12.4 percent lower for districts with the most severe restrictions and 1.7 percent lower for districts with intermediate restrictions, compared with districts with the least restrictions. The differences were largest in May, when the different policies were in place, and slowly tapered in June and July. Restricted mobility and lower household income are plausible channels for these results. Stricter containment measures had larger impacts in districts with greater population density of older residents, as well as more services employment and bank credit.

Coronavirus --- COVID-19 --- Disease Containment --- Disease Control and Prevention --- Economic Activity --- Economic Stabilization --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Lockdown --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Nighttime Light Intensity --- Policy Relaxation --- Re-Opening

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This book entitled Marine Algal Antioxidants, as a special issue of the Antioxidants journal, encloses eleven scientific articles with a preface written by the two editors, Christophe Brunet and Clementina Sansone. Marine Algal Antioxidants book reports advances of the research on marine photosynthetic organisms for the growth of biotechnological pipelines aimed to enhance antioxidant molecules production by algae. More than twenty scientists share the results of their research and highlight the relevance of algae for developing marine biotechnology products to flourish the requirements of nutraceuticals or cosmeceuticals in the defense of human health. Multidisciplinarity of the scientific approaches presented in this book – such as physiological, molecular, chemistry, technical or technological methodologies – lays the foundation for harmonizing the links between them towards the unique goal of the improvement of marine algal factory processes.

Technology: general issues --- algae --- Chlorella --- Fucus --- detoxification --- environmental pollution --- antioxidants --- heavy metals --- selenium --- SOD-1 --- neurotoxicology --- aminoazuphrates --- clinical medicine --- nutrition --- neuropathology --- Dunaliella salina --- microalgae --- red LED --- blue LED --- growth --- carotenoids --- plastoquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase --- photosynthesis --- antioxidant activities --- Box–Behnken design --- microwave-assisted extraction --- polysaccharide --- Ulva pertusa --- seaweed --- 9-cis β-carotene --- all-trans β-carotene --- light intensity --- isomerisation --- light --- ascorbic acid --- phenolic compounds --- flavonoids --- photoprotection --- Phaeodactylum tricornutum --- fucoxanthin --- antioxidative --- antiproliferative --- antioxidant --- biodiversity --- genome–scale metabolic networks (GSMNs), data integration --- brown algae --- oxygenated carotenoid biosynthesis --- abscisic acid --- Saccharina japonica --- Cladosiphon okamuranus --- lipophilic antioxidant --- solvent blending --- macroalgae --- LC-ESI-MS/MS --- carotenoid pigment --- anthocyanin --- chlorophyll derivative --- phototrophic --- heterotrophic --- Scenedesmus --- chlorophylls --- hydroxy-chlorophyll --- oxidative metabolism --- ROS --- lactone-chlorophyll --- photoacclimation --- seaweeds --- green algae --- marine algae --- Ulva intestinalis --- Enteromorpha intestinalis --- quantification --- polyphenols --- apigenin --- accelerated solvent extraction --- ASE --- HPLC-LRMS --- HPLC-HRMS --- HPLC --- TPC --- Folin–Ciocalteu --- TFC --- qNMR --- n/a --- Box-Behnken design --- genome-scale metabolic networks (GSMNs), data integration --- Folin-Ciocalteu