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Dissertation
Valorisation du silicium issu du recyclage de panneaux photovoltaïques comme matériau d'électrode pour les batteries au lithium
Authors: --- --- --- ---
Year: 2016 Publisher: Liège Université de Liège (ULiège)

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Vers la fin des années 90, un métalloïde bien particulier, le silicium, s’est avérée être un candidat prometteur comme matériau pour anode, en raison de sa neutralité envers l’environnement et de sa très grande capacité spécifique (3580 mAh/g pour la structure Li3,75Si). Cependant, lors du processus de lithiation/délithiation, la formation d’un alliage Li/Si provoque une expansion volumique du matériau au-delà des 300% du volume initial. D’autre part, actuellement, le silicium provenant du recyclage des panneaux photovoltaïques est une fraction non valorisée. Dès lors, ce mémoire a eu pour but de développer un matériau pour anode performant à moindre coût en valorisant le silicium issu du recyclage des panneaux photovoltaïques.&#13;&#13;La première étape du mémoire s’est concentrée sur la récupération et séparer le silicium des panneaux photovoltaïques. L’emploi de plusieurs solutions d’attaque dans des conditions de concentration et de température variables a permis de déterminer les conditions idéales de lixiviation. L’emploi successive à chaud de deux bains (KOH et HNO3) s’est avérée être la méthode adéquate et nous a permis d’atteindre un niveau de pureté du silicium de 99,98%. De plus, cette procédure de purification, effectuée à l’aide de réacteurs appropriés, assure la production de silicium lixivié dans des proportions suffisantes (environ 1kg/3h).&#13;&#13;La réduction de la taille des gaufrettes de silicium lixiviées à une valeur inférieure à 125 µm a été menée par broyage en voie sèche dans un broyeur à boulets et la poudre résultante a ensuite subi un broyage en voie humide en phase aqueuse afin d’obtenir des particules microniques. L’optimisation des deux étapes de broyages a permis la production d’un lot reproductible suffisant pour procéder aux étapes de mise en forme par atomisation. Dans le but de minimiser l’oxydation du silicium durant le broyage dans l’eau, nous avons étudié l’effet d’agents anti-oxydants (acide citrique et acide ascorbique). L’acide citrique s’est révélé être l’additif le plus efficace et a été utilisé pour la production d’un lot de poudres microniques de silicium.&#13;&#13;La troisième étape de ce travail a consisté à développer des poudres mixtes par atomisation. Diverses compositions ont été testées en utilisant comme additifs organiques, de l’acide citrique, de l’acide ascorbique ou du lactose et ce, dans des rapports additif/silicium compris entre 1 et 3. Ces tests ont conduit à la mise au point avec succès de poudres homogènes composites (particules sphériques pleines). Afin d’obtenir des poudres pouvant être utilisées comme matériau d’anode, celles-ci ont été calcinées suivant différents cycles thermiques afin d’une part de générer le carbone in situ et d’autre part assurer la réduction carbothermique assurant la réduction superficielle des particules oxydées lors de l’étape de broyage en phase aqueuse. Sur la base des différentes expériences menées, nous avons pu déterminer que les poudres devaient être traitées à 1200°C et ce durant 12 heures pour favoriser la réduction carbothermique de l’oxyde de silicium. Après traitement thermique, les poudres sont caractérisées par un contenu en carbone variable en fonction de la source de matière organique compris entre X et Y %. Le lactose est l’additif conduisant la proportion résiduelle de carbone la plus importante après traitement, ce qui assure à ces poudres la meilleure cyclabilité (500 mAgh/g C/5-lactose/Si=1). Cette stratégie de mise en forme a permis la production de poudres de silicium électrochimiquement actives qui sont respectivement caractérisées par des capacités de 1250 et 750 mAh/g pour une vitesse de cyclage de C/5 pour la poudres additivées d’acide citrique et de lactose. Ces résultats préliminaires confirment l’utilité de générer une couche de carbone in situ en surface des particules pour contrecarrer l’expansion volumique du silicium. &#13;&#13;La dernière étape de ce travail a consisté à développer des matrices mixtes et hybrides par ajout d’allotropes de carbone (noire de carbone et nanotubes de carbone) soit aux poudres additifs/Si préalablement calcinées soit en ajoutant à la suspension de silicium additivée d’acide citrique. L’atomisation des suspensions a permis la production de granules sphériques. Les poudres mixtes sont caractérisées par une bonne homogénéité. Néanmoins, nous avons mis en évidence que les nanotubes permettent la production de granules dont la composition est proche de celle de la suspension contrairement à l’utilisation de noir de carbone. Cette différence est probablement à mettre en relation au facteur de forme des deux allotropes utilisés. Les particules de noire de carbone, de petite taille, ne sont que partiellement intégrées aux granules alors que les nanotubes de par leur longueur sont intiment liés dans le granule et forme un réseau. Ces résultats sont confirmés au travers des caractérisations électrochimiques. Ainsi, les granules mixtes composées de nanotubes de carbone sont caractérisés par une meilleure cyclabilité (perte moins importante) que celles contenant du noir de carbone. Ces résultats confirment que les nanotubes de carbone permettent de conférer au granule une flexibilité permettant d’absorber partiellement l’expansion volumique du silicium lors du cyclage. Les résultats obtenus concernant la production de granules hybrides par atomisation démontrent que la composition de la suspension doit être redéfinie. En effet, nous avons montré que le taux de carbone après atomisation était bien inférieur à celui attendu. L’analyse microstructurale confirme une présence déficitaire en allotropes de carbone.


Dissertation
Synthèse et mise en forme de LiMn2O4 comme matériau pour cathode flexible
Authors: --- --- --- ---
Year: 2016 Publisher: Liège Université de Liège (ULiège)

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Le sujet de ce mémoire porte sur la synthèse d'un composé pour cathode d'accumulateurs au lithium, le LiMn2O4, dopé adéquatement, et sa mise en forme de film flexible. Un grand nombre de dopants déjà utilisés sont comparés afin d'étudier leur influence sur la capacité et la stabilité du composé, en fonction de leur valence et de la force des liaisons qu'ils forment avec l'oxygène. Un dopant potentiellement prometteur est donc choisi sur cette base.&#13;Des poudres de précurseurs sont préparées par atomisation et calcinées afin d'obtenir le composé LiMn2O4 dopé. Ces poudres sont ensuite broyées afin d'en faire des suspensions stables, auxquelles sont ajoutés une matrice polymère, du noir de carbone, pour rendre le film conducteur, et un plastifiant afin d'assurer la flexibilité des films. Ces suspensions sont déposées par coulage en bande et permettent après séchage de récupérer un film flexible.&#13;Des mesures électrochimiques sur ces poudres dopées et ces films montrent que le dopant choisi apporte en effet une amélioration de la tenue au cyclage du composé et que les films se comportent bien, même après de hautes vitesses de cyclage ; ils peuvent donc être utilisées comme cathodes flexibles pour accumulateurs au lithium.


Book
Battery Management Systems of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Author:
Year: 2021 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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The topics of interest in this book include significant challenges in the BMS design of EV/HEV. The equivalent models developed for several types of integrated Li-ion batteries consider the environmental temperature and ageing effects. Different current profiles for testing the robustness of the Kalman filter type estimators of the battery state of charge are used in this book. Additionally, the BMS can integrate a real-time model-based sensor Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) scheme for a Li-ion cell undergoing degradation, which uses the recursive least squares (RLS) method to estimate the equivalent circuit model (ECM) parameters. This book will fully meet the demands of a large community of readers and specialists working in the field due to its attractiveness and scientific content with a great openness to the side of practical applicability. This covers various interesting aspects, especially related to the characterization of commercial batteries, diagnosis and optimization of their performance, experimental testing and statistical analysis, thermal modelling, and implementation of the most suitable Kalman filter type estimators of high accuracy to estimate the state of charge


Book
Silica and Silicon Based Nanostructures
Author:
Year: 2022 Publisher: Basel : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute,

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Silica and silicon-based nanostructures are now well-understood materials for which the technologies are mature. The most obvious applications, such as electronic devices, have been widely explored over the last two decades. The aim of this Special Issue is to bring together the state of the art in the field and to enable the emergence of new ideas and concepts for silicon and silica-based nanostructures.


Book
Battery Management Systems of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Author:
Year: 2021 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Abstract

The topics of interest in this book include significant challenges in the BMS design of EV/HEV. The equivalent models developed for several types of integrated Li-ion batteries consider the environmental temperature and ageing effects. Different current profiles for testing the robustness of the Kalman filter type estimators of the battery state of charge are used in this book. Additionally, the BMS can integrate a real-time model-based sensor Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) scheme for a Li-ion cell undergoing degradation, which uses the recursive least squares (RLS) method to estimate the equivalent circuit model (ECM) parameters. This book will fully meet the demands of a large community of readers and specialists working in the field due to its attractiveness and scientific content with a great openness to the side of practical applicability. This covers various interesting aspects, especially related to the characterization of commercial batteries, diagnosis and optimization of their performance, experimental testing and statistical analysis, thermal modelling, and implementation of the most suitable Kalman filter type estimators of high accuracy to estimate the state of charge


Book
Silica and Silicon Based Nanostructures
Author:
Year: 2022 Publisher: Basel : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute,

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Abstract

Silica and silicon-based nanostructures are now well-understood materials for which the technologies are mature. The most obvious applications, such as electronic devices, have been widely explored over the last two decades. The aim of this Special Issue is to bring together the state of the art in the field and to enable the emergence of new ideas and concepts for silicon and silica-based nanostructures.


Book
Silica and Silicon Based Nanostructures
Author:
Year: 2022 Publisher: Basel : MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute,

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Abstract

Silica and silicon-based nanostructures are now well-understood materials for which the technologies are mature. The most obvious applications, such as electronic devices, have been widely explored over the last two decades. The aim of this Special Issue is to bring together the state of the art in the field and to enable the emergence of new ideas and concepts for silicon and silica-based nanostructures.

Keywords

Research. --- Physics. --- maize --- NPK --- SiO2-NPs --- productivity --- fertilizer --- mineral --- weevils --- LC50 --- toxicity --- mesoporous silica --- nanomaterials --- desulfurization --- fuel --- JP-8 --- black silicon --- light absorption enhanced --- micro-nano manufacturing --- nanometer surface --- nano-silica --- tricalcium aluminate --- pozzolanic reaction --- C-A-S-H gel --- silicon nanoparticles --- silicon nanowires --- synthesis --- high energy density --- lithium-ion batteries --- high-capacity anode --- VLS --- laser pyrolysis --- size effect --- shape effect --- biomass rice husk --- silicon --- nanocrystals --- luminescence --- high porosity --- pH sensor --- temperature sensor --- dual sensor --- metal-assisted chemical etching --- Si nanostructures --- high aspect ratio --- zone plate --- silicon nanowire --- nanowire array --- silicon anode --- n-type silicon anode --- Li-ion battery --- nanowires --- nanonets --- transistor --- integration process --- maize --- NPK --- SiO2-NPs --- productivity --- fertilizer --- mineral --- weevils --- LC50 --- toxicity --- mesoporous silica --- nanomaterials --- desulfurization --- fuel --- JP-8 --- black silicon --- light absorption enhanced --- micro-nano manufacturing --- nanometer surface --- nano-silica --- tricalcium aluminate --- pozzolanic reaction --- C-A-S-H gel --- silicon nanoparticles --- silicon nanowires --- synthesis --- high energy density --- lithium-ion batteries --- high-capacity anode --- VLS --- laser pyrolysis --- size effect --- shape effect --- biomass rice husk --- silicon --- nanocrystals --- luminescence --- high porosity --- pH sensor --- temperature sensor --- dual sensor --- metal-assisted chemical etching --- Si nanostructures --- high aspect ratio --- zone plate --- silicon nanowire --- nanowire array --- silicon anode --- n-type silicon anode --- Li-ion battery --- nanowires --- nanonets --- transistor --- integration process


Book
Battery Management Systems of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Author:
Year: 2021 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Abstract

The topics of interest in this book include significant challenges in the BMS design of EV/HEV. The equivalent models developed for several types of integrated Li-ion batteries consider the environmental temperature and ageing effects. Different current profiles for testing the robustness of the Kalman filter type estimators of the battery state of charge are used in this book. Additionally, the BMS can integrate a real-time model-based sensor Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) scheme for a Li-ion cell undergoing degradation, which uses the recursive least squares (RLS) method to estimate the equivalent circuit model (ECM) parameters. This book will fully meet the demands of a large community of readers and specialists working in the field due to its attractiveness and scientific content with a great openness to the side of practical applicability. This covers various interesting aspects, especially related to the characterization of commercial batteries, diagnosis and optimization of their performance, experimental testing and statistical analysis, thermal modelling, and implementation of the most suitable Kalman filter type estimators of high accuracy to estimate the state of charge

Keywords

Technology: general issues --- arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) --- CMOS sensor --- direct laser lithography --- fiber Bragg grating (FBG) --- lithium-ion battery --- fault detection and isolation --- sensor fault --- battery model --- battery management systems --- battery degradation --- electric vehicles --- online parameter estimation --- recursive least squares --- parallel-connected cells --- measuring test bench --- current distribution --- tab contact resistance --- battery --- ultracapacitor --- supercapacitor --- electric mobility --- electric bus --- SAFT lithium-ion battery --- Simscape model --- 3RC ECM Li-ion battery model --- state of charge --- adaptive EKF SOC estimator --- adaptive UKF SOC estimator --- particle filter SOC estimator --- ADVISOR estimate --- arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) --- CMOS sensor --- direct laser lithography --- fiber Bragg grating (FBG) --- lithium-ion battery --- fault detection and isolation --- sensor fault --- battery model --- battery management systems --- battery degradation --- electric vehicles --- online parameter estimation --- recursive least squares --- parallel-connected cells --- measuring test bench --- current distribution --- tab contact resistance --- battery --- ultracapacitor --- supercapacitor --- electric mobility --- electric bus --- SAFT lithium-ion battery --- Simscape model --- 3RC ECM Li-ion battery model --- state of charge --- adaptive EKF SOC estimator --- adaptive UKF SOC estimator --- particle filter SOC estimator --- ADVISOR estimate


Book
Thermal Systems
Authors: ---
Year: 2021 Publisher: Basel, Switzerland MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Abstract

We live in interesting times in which life as we know it is being threatened by manmade changes to the atmosphere in which we live. On the global scale, concern is focused on climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions, and on a national scale, atmospheric pollution produced by combustion processes is of concern. A possible approach is through the development of new ideas and innovative processes to the current practices. Among the available options, multi-generation processes such as the trigeneration cycle, battery storage system, solar power plants and heat pumps have been widely studied, as they potentially allow for greater efficiency, lower costs, and reduced emissions. On the other hand, some researchers had been working to increase the potential of energy generation process through heat recovery under the steam generator, organic Rankine cycle, and absorption chillers. In this Special Issue on "Thermal Systems” of fundamental or applied and numerical or experimental investigation, many new concepts in thermal systems and energy utilization were explored and published as original research papers in this “Special Issue”.

Keywords

History of engineering & technology --- thermo-economic assessment --- exergy analysis --- trigeneration system --- gas microturbine --- absorption chiller --- advanced exergo-economic analysis --- waste heat recovery system --- ORC --- endogenous exergy --- exogenous exergy --- thermal management --- Li-ion battery --- heat pipe --- thermoelectric cooler --- oscillating heat pipes --- heat transfer --- milling cooling --- abrasive-milling processes --- solar network --- dynamic modelling --- plug flow --- control --- supercritical carbon dioxide --- experimental testing --- finned-tube gas cooler --- energy poverty --- centralised heat pump --- hourly heating demand --- off-design heat pump model --- alternative process --- non-coating method --- room-temperature swaging --- pseudo-single tube (PST) --- accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding --- minichannel flow boiling --- void fraction --- inverse heat transfer problem --- Trefftz method --- vortex generator --- vortex tube --- temperature separation --- the low-temperature air flow ratio (yc), inlet pressure (Pi) --- thermo-economic assessment --- exergy analysis --- trigeneration system --- gas microturbine --- absorption chiller --- advanced exergo-economic analysis --- waste heat recovery system --- ORC --- endogenous exergy --- exogenous exergy --- thermal management --- Li-ion battery --- heat pipe --- thermoelectric cooler --- oscillating heat pipes --- heat transfer --- milling cooling --- abrasive-milling processes --- solar network --- dynamic modelling --- plug flow --- control --- supercritical carbon dioxide --- experimental testing --- finned-tube gas cooler --- energy poverty --- centralised heat pump --- hourly heating demand --- off-design heat pump model --- alternative process --- non-coating method --- room-temperature swaging --- pseudo-single tube (PST) --- accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding --- minichannel flow boiling --- void fraction --- inverse heat transfer problem --- Trefftz method --- vortex generator --- vortex tube --- temperature separation --- the low-temperature air flow ratio (yc), inlet pressure (Pi)


Book
Batteries and Supercapacitors Aging
Authors: ---
ISBN: 303928715X 3039287141 Year: 2020 Publisher: MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

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Electrochemical energy storage is a key element of systems in a wide range of sectors, such as electro-mobility, portable devices, and renewable energy. The energy storage systems (ESSs) considered here are batteries, supercapacitors, and hybrid components such as lithium-ion capacitors. The durability of ESSs determines the total cost of ownership, the global impacts (lifecycle) on a large portion of these applications and, thus, their viability. Understanding ESS aging is a key to optimizing their design and usability in terms of their intended applications. Knowledge of ESS aging is also essential to improve their dependability (reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety). This Special Issue includes 12 research papers and 1 review article focusing on battery, supercapacitor, and hybrid capacitor aging.

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