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How should the state face the challenge of radical pluralism? How can constitutional orders be changed when they prove unable to regulate society? Santi Romano, Carl Schmitt, and Costantino Mortati, the leading figures of Continental legal institutionalism, provided three responses that deserve our full attention today. Mariano Croce and Marco Goldoni introduce and analyze these three towering figures for a modern audience.

Legal polycentricity. --- Romano, Santi, --- Schmitt, Carl, --- Mortati, Costantino. --- Constitutionalism. --- Continental jurisprudence. --- legal institutionalism. --- legal pluralism. --- nonstate law. --- public law. --- social order. --- social pluralism. --- state law.

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A few centuries ago, capitalism set in motion an explosion of economic productivity. Markets and private property had existed for millennia, but what other key institutions fostered capitalism's relatively recent emergence? Until now, the conceptual toolkit available to answer this question has been inadequate, and economists and other social scientists have been diverted from identifying these key institutions. With Conceptualizing Capitalism, Geoffrey M. Hodgson offers readers a more precise conceptual framework. Drawing on a new theoretical approach called legal institutionalism, Hodgson establishes that the most important factor in the emergence of capitalism-but also among the most often overlooked-is the constitutive role of law and the state. While private property and markets are central to capitalism, they depend upon the development of an effective legal framework. Applying this legally grounded approach to the emergence of capitalism in eighteenth-century Europe, Hodgson identifies the key institutional developments that coincided with its rise. That analysis enables him to counter the widespread view that capitalism is a natural and inevitable outcome of human societies, showing instead that it is a relatively recent phenomenon, contingent upon a special form of state that protects private property and enforces contracts. After establishing the nature of capitalism, the book considers what this more precise conceptual framework can tell us about the possible future of capitalism in the twenty-first century, where some of the most important concerns are the effects of globalization, the continuing growth of inequality, and the challenges to America's hegemony by China and others.

Capitalism --- Philosophy. --- macroeconomics, economic theory, free enterprise, capitalism, productivity, markets, private property, key institutions, money, wealth, prosperity, interest rates, economists, social science, conceptual framework, legal institutionalism, human societies, 18th century, globalization, inequality, china, united states, philosophy, employment, labor, firms, corporations, finance, commodity exchange.