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The impacts of climate change on crop production are already a reality in Europe and across the rest of the world. In order to mitigate these impacts, access to unexploited genetic crop diversity for the production of new varieties that can thrive in more extreme environmental conditions is of prime importance. Herein, genetic diversity should provide the raw materials for breeding and plant improvements. Despite the vast pool of resources that exist, much of the germplasm richness found in gene banks is poorly documented. To overcome the barriers between germplasm conservation and use, a complete evaluation is necessary to determine the useful diversity they contain.This Special Issue focuses on “Old Germplasm for New Needs: Managing Crop Genetic Resources”. We gathered novel research, reviews, and opinion pieces covering all related topics, including germplasm evaluation, crop genetics and improvements, novel crops, phenotyping, physiological responses of inbred lines, management solutions, modeling, case studies from the field, and policy positions.

aromatic rice --- local variety --- gelatinization temperature --- badh2-E7 allele --- population structure --- Criollo cacao --- microsatellites --- genetic purity --- Central America --- Axiom 35K Wheat Breeders array --- genetic diversity --- wheat genotyping --- Solanum lycopersicum --- agro-biodiversity --- crops --- breeding --- DNA markers --- black soybean --- green cotyledon --- anthocyanin --- chlorophyll --- Lactuca sativa L. --- crisphead --- oak-leaf --- root system architecture --- tipburn --- nutritional imbalance --- breeding lines --- landraces --- phenotypic traits --- molecular markers --- almond descriptors --- conservation --- endangered cultivars --- fruit quality --- genetic resources --- Prunus dulcis --- MTSI --- multi-environment --- soybean --- seed compositions --- WAASB --- barley --- germplasm --- Hordeum vulgare --- landrace --- DArTseq --- anthocyanins --- black carrot --- bolting --- flavonoids --- glasshouse cultivation --- leaf --- nutrient analysis --- taproot --- n/a

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Abiotic stress represents the main constraint for agriculture, affecting plant growth and productivity worldwide. Yield losses in agriculture will be potentiated in the future by global warming, increasing contamination, and reduced availability of fertile land. The challenge for agriculture of the present and future is that of increasing the food supply for a continuously growing human population under environmental conditions that are deteriorating in many areas of the world. Minimizing the effects of diverse types of abiotic stresses represents a matter of general concern. Research on all topics related to abiotic stress tolerance, from understanding the stress response mechanisms of plants to developing cultivars and crops tolerant to stress, is a priority. This Special Issue is focused on the physiological and molecular characterization of crop resistance to abiotic stresses, including novel research, reviews, and opinion articles covering all aspects of the responses and mechanisms of plant tolerance to abiotic. Contributions on physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies of crop responses to abiotic stresses; the description and role of stress-responsive genes; marker-assisted screening of stress-tolerant genotypes; genetic engineering; and other biotechnological approaches to improve crop tolerance were considered.

silicon --- strawberry --- total antioxidants --- drought --- stress responses --- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) --- Rhizophagus clarus --- flood --- plants --- hormonal homeostasis --- physiological activity --- drought tolerance --- LEA --- Tevang 1 maize --- tobacco --- xylem vessel --- water stress --- root anatomy --- vegetable crops --- stomatal conductance --- canopy temperature --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- SPAD --- common buckwheat --- cotyledon --- root --- drought stress --- transcriptome analysis --- alfalfa --- evaluation --- growth --- heat stress --- physiological traits --- sodium azide --- okra --- waterlogging stress --- antioxidants --- gene expression --- salinity --- sodium --- potassium --- ion homeostasis-transport determinants --- CBL gene family --- Provitamin A --- maize --- morphological --- physiological --- biochemical --- β-carotene --- Capsicum annuum L. --- salt stress --- salicylic acid --- yeast --- proline --- pomegranate --- transcriptome --- tissue-specific --- signaling transduction pathways --- transcription factors --- ultrastructure --- osmotic stress --- wheat --- barley --- summer maize --- female panicle --- Abiotic stress --- climate change --- combined drought and heat stress --- genetic resources --- landrace accessions --- coated-urea fertilizer --- humic acid --- lignosulfonate --- natural polymers --- seaweed extract --- aquaporin --- Brassica rapa --- gas exchange parameters --- root hydraulic conductance --- zinc --- ALA --- abiotic stress --- chlorophyll --- photosynthesis --- antioxidant enzyme --- tomato cultivars --- salinity tolerance --- antioxidant activity --- lycopene --- ascorbic acid --- total polyphenols content --- Capsicum annuum --- root structure --- root hairs --- phosphorus use efficiency --- P-starvation --- macrominerals --- nutrient --- breeding --- eggplant --- wild relative --- vegetative growth --- ion homeostasis --- osmolytes --- oxidative stress --- Phaseolus --- landrace --- seed --- germination --- genetic approach --- sustainable agriculture --- weeds --- natural herbicides --- secondary metabolites --- postemergence --- phytotoxicity --- abiotic stress biomarkers --- bean landraces --- plant breeding --- salt stress tolerance --- water deficit --- water stress tolerance --- tea plant --- cold stress --- chitosan oligosaccharide --- physiological response --- plant growth --- agriculture --- traditions --- pseudo-science --- lunar phases --- physics --- biology --- education --- flooding --- nutrient stress --- ROS

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Over the past ten years, metabolomics strategies have allowed the relative or absolute quantitation of metabolite levels for the study of various biological questions in plant sciences. For fruit studies, in particular, they have participated in the identification of the genes underpinning fruit development and ripening. This book proposes examples of the current use of metabolomics studies of fruit for basic research or practical applications. It includes articles about several tropical and temperate fruit species. The studies concern fruit biochemical phenotyping, fruit metabolism during development and after harvest, including primary and specialized metabolisms, or bioactive compounds involved in fruit growth and environmental responses. The analytical strategies used are based mostly on liquid or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, but also on nuclear magnetic resonance and near-infrared spectroscopy. The effect of genotype, stages of development, or fruit tissue type on metabolomic profiles and corresponding metabolism regulations are addressed for fruit metabolism studies. The interest in combining other omics with metabolomics is also exemplified.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Anacardium occidentale --- fast phenotyping --- NIR --- UPLC-HRMS --- chemometrics --- Capsicum frutescens L. --- non-targeted metabolomics --- secondary metabolism --- Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) --- mulberry --- high resolution mass spectrometry --- antioxidant activity --- in vitro gastrointestinal digestion --- α-glucosidase inhibitory activity --- cytokinin --- fruit expansion --- kiwifruit --- phytohormone --- tomato --- metabolomics --- biochemical phenotyping --- priming --- BABA --- Botrytis cinerea --- Phytophthora infestans --- Pseudomonas syringae --- fruit pigmentation --- introgression lines --- mass spectrometry --- San Marzano landrace --- Davidson’s plum --- finger lime --- native pepperberry --- antioxidant --- amino acids --- GC×GC-TOFMS --- UHPLC-QqQ-TOF-MS/MS --- bush fruit --- genetic resources --- melon --- genotype by sequencing --- elemental analysis --- metabolome --- Cucumis melo --- pineapple --- ripening --- non-climacteric --- lipophilic compounds --- lipid-related genes --- lipid metabolism --- fruit --- postharvest --- quality traits --- stress --- biomarkers --- polyphenolics --- solanaceous crops --- capsicum annuum --- pepper --- eggplant --- fruit ripening --- tissue-specificity --- flavonoid --- wine --- clones --- Vitis vinifera --- sensory analysis --- fruit metabolomics --- developmental metabolomics --- stress metabolomics --- spatial metabolomics --- central metabolism --- specialized metabolism --- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- omics --- multi-omics integration

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Over the past ten years, metabolomics strategies have allowed the relative or absolute quantitation of metabolite levels for the study of various biological questions in plant sciences. For fruit studies, in particular, they have participated in the identification of the genes underpinning fruit development and ripening. This book proposes examples of the current use of metabolomics studies of fruit for basic research or practical applications. It includes articles about several tropical and temperate fruit species. The studies concern fruit biochemical phenotyping, fruit metabolism during development and after harvest, including primary and specialized metabolisms, or bioactive compounds involved in fruit growth and environmental responses. The analytical strategies used are based mostly on liquid or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, but also on nuclear magnetic resonance and near-infrared spectroscopy. The effect of genotype, stages of development, or fruit tissue type on metabolomic profiles and corresponding metabolism regulations are addressed for fruit metabolism studies. The interest in combining other omics with metabolomics is also exemplified.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Anacardium occidentale --- fast phenotyping --- NIR --- UPLC-HRMS --- chemometrics --- Capsicum frutescens L. --- non-targeted metabolomics --- secondary metabolism --- Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) --- mulberry --- high resolution mass spectrometry --- antioxidant activity --- in vitro gastrointestinal digestion --- α-glucosidase inhibitory activity --- cytokinin --- fruit expansion --- kiwifruit --- phytohormone --- tomato --- metabolomics --- biochemical phenotyping --- priming --- BABA --- Botrytis cinerea --- Phytophthora infestans --- Pseudomonas syringae --- fruit pigmentation --- introgression lines --- mass spectrometry --- San Marzano landrace --- Davidson’s plum --- finger lime --- native pepperberry --- antioxidant --- amino acids --- GC×GC-TOFMS --- UHPLC-QqQ-TOF-MS/MS --- bush fruit --- genetic resources --- melon --- genotype by sequencing --- elemental analysis --- metabolome --- Cucumis melo --- pineapple --- ripening --- non-climacteric --- lipophilic compounds --- lipid-related genes --- lipid metabolism --- fruit --- postharvest --- quality traits --- stress --- biomarkers --- polyphenolics --- solanaceous crops --- capsicum annuum --- pepper --- eggplant --- fruit ripening --- tissue-specificity --- flavonoid --- wine --- clones --- Vitis vinifera --- sensory analysis --- fruit metabolomics --- developmental metabolomics --- stress metabolomics --- spatial metabolomics --- central metabolism --- specialized metabolism --- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- omics --- multi-omics integration

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Sustainability, defined as ‘meeting current needs without compromising the future’, is a widely accepted goal across many sectors of society. Sustainability’s criteria and indicators often only regard sustaining present conditions through increased resilience, intended as a system’s capacity to experience shocks while retaining essentially the same functions and structures. However, new sustainability concepts, sometimes referred to as “sustainagility”, also consider the properties and assets of a system that sustains the ability (agility) of agents to adapt and meet their needs in new ways, preparing for future unpredictability and unforeseen changes. Therefore, resilience must coexist with adaptive capacity for real, long-term sustainability. Consumers are paying increasing attention to the sustainability of the food supply chain; thus, sustainable development is necessary for all food processes. Since the olive oil sector has a well-established historical tradition, any change and innovation that aims to obtain a sustainable development not only needs to be analyzed in terms of environmental, economic, and social aspects, it should also be significantly improved and closely monitored. Thus, this Special Issue is a collection of papers that can increase sustainability knowledge in the olive-oil-processing chain, to take a significant step forward in future developments.

Research & information: general --- extra virgin olive oil --- authentication --- chemometrics --- proton NMR --- carbon NMR --- machine learning --- artificial neural networks --- PLS-DA --- olive leaf polyphenols --- encapsulation --- functional food --- mayonnaise --- alginate/pectin beads --- phenolic extract --- food enrichment --- olive leaves --- organic --- local --- consumer attitude --- up-cycled ingredients --- by-products --- generational differences --- virgin olive oil --- organic production --- harvesting method --- harvesting time --- volatile compounds --- olive by-product --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- olive leaf --- pomace --- olive wastewater --- clones --- minor accessions --- olive oil --- quality --- olive landrace --- ripening --- harvest season --- antioxidants --- minor compounds --- oil quality --- circular economy --- environmental impact --- global warming --- valorization of waste --- phenolic compounds --- acidic hydrolysis --- derivative UV spectroscopy --- green chemistry --- screening methods --- health claim --- antioxidant activity --- olive mill wastewaters --- reactive oxygen species --- vascular cells --- breadsticks --- gluten-free --- olive oil by-products --- oxidation stability --- electronic nose --- accelerated shelf-life tests --- transparent plastic material --- metallized material --- brown-amber glass --- oxidation --- stability --- packaging --- olive oil quality --- life cycle assessment --- biocompounds --- shelf life --- environmental sustainability --- biscuits --- gluten-free breadsticks --- salad dressing --- vegan mayonnaise --- waste recovery --- choice experiment (CE) --- extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) --- willingness to pay (WTP) --- country of origin --- organic food --- consumer preferences --- sustainable food system --- authenticity --- biodiversity --- differential scanning calorimetry --- color --- chlorophyll --- geographical origin --- botanical origin --- principal component analysis --- anaerobic codigestion --- biomethane --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- life cycle costing (LCC) --- olive mill by-products --- olive composition --- olive cultivars --- olive ripening --- PLS regression model --- portable device --- quality parameters --- sustainability --- Olea europaea --- kaolin --- zeolitite --- foliar treatments --- sustainable agriculture --- crop defense --- autochthonous cultivars --- molecular fingerprinting --- polyphenol content --- gene expression --- fruit developmental stages --- n/a --- olive storage duration --- oil chemical composition --- sensory properties