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Microfinance is often criticized for not adequately addressing seasonality and hard-core poverty. In Bangladesh, a program known as PRIME was introduced in 2006 to address both concerns. Unlike regular microfinance, PRIME introduces a microfinance scheme that offers a flexible repayment schedule and consumption smoothing, as well as production, loans. It targets the ultra-poor, many of whom are also seasonally poor, with a severe inability to smooth consumption during certain months of the year. Besides providing loans, PRIME offers extension and training services. This paper uses a quasi-experimental survey design to evaluate PRIME against regular microfinance programs. The results show that PRIME is more effective than regular microfinance in reaching the ultra-poor, as well as the seasonal poor. PRIME also helps reduce seasonal deprivation and extreme poverty. Although the program has demonstrated its promise, it is too early to conclude whether the accrued benefits are large enough to contain both seasonal and chronic poverty on a sustained basis.

Chronic poverty --- Consumption smoothing --- Debt Markets --- Extreme poverty --- Farmers --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Food & Beverage Industry --- Household income --- Household survey --- Household welfare --- Human capital --- Incidence of poverty --- Income --- Industry --- Insurance --- Landholdings --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Microcredit programs --- Poor --- Poverty Reduction --- Regional Economic Development --- Rural --- Rural areas --- Rural development --- Rural poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Targeting

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Combining great learning, interpretative originality, analytical sensitivity, and a charismatic prose style, Clifford Geertz has produced a lasting body of work with influence throughout the humanities and social sciences, and remains the foremost anthropologist in America. His 1980 book Negara analyzed the social organization of Bali before it was colonized by the Dutch in 1906. Here Geertz applied his widely influential method of cultural interpretation to the myths, ceremonies, rituals, and symbols of a precolonial state. He found that the nineteenth-century Balinese state defied easy conceptualization by the familiar models of political theory and the standard Western approaches to understanding politics. Negara means "country" or "seat of political authority" in Indonesian. In Bali Geertz found negara to be a "theatre state," governed by rituals and symbols rather than by force. The Balinese state did not specialize in tyranny, conquest, or effective administration. Instead, it emphasized spectacle. The elaborate ceremonies and productions the state created were "not means to political ends: they were the ends themselves, they were what the state was for. Power served pomp, not pomp power." Geertz argued more forcefully in Negara than in any of his other books for the fundamental importance of the culture of politics to a society. Much of Geertz's previous work--including his world-famous essay on the Balinese cockfight--can be seen as leading up to the full portrait of the "poetics of power" that Negara so vividly depicts.

History of Asia --- anno 1800-1899 --- Bali [island] --- Bali Island (Indonesia) --- Bali (Indonésie : Ile) --- Civilization --- Politics and government --- Civilisation --- Politique et gouvernement --- -Bali Island (Indonesia) --- -Lesser Sunda Islands --- -Civilization --- Bali (Indonésie : Ile) --- Lesser Sunda Islands --- Civilization. --- Politics and government. --- Theater --- Bali. --- Dramatics --- Histrionics --- Professional theater --- Stage --- Theatre --- Performing arts --- Acting --- Actors --- Badung. --- Besakih. --- Brahmana. --- Dutch conquest. --- Head of State Temple. --- Jembrana. --- Karengasem. --- Klungkung. --- Krambitan. --- Lombok. --- Mahayuga system. --- Majapahit conquest. --- Mount Meru. --- Muslim. --- Origin Temple. --- agriculture. --- alliance. --- androgyny. --- bagawanta. --- cakorda. --- clientship. --- core line. --- core-periphery. --- crafts. --- directional symbolism. --- domination. --- ecological adaptation. --- endogamy. --- exemplary center. --- genealogy. --- geopolitics. --- griya. --- hermeneutics. --- hierarchy. --- historiography. --- imports. --- irrigation society. --- judges. --- kingship. --- land taxation. --- landholdings. --- marriage. --- negara adat. --- obeisance. --- padmasana. --- palace layout. --- paramount lord. --- pecatu system. --- perbekel system. --- political legitimacy. --- rice cult. --- Bali Island (Indonesia) - Civilization --- Bali Island (Indonesia) - Politics and government --- Insel --- Balinesen --- Kleine Sundainseln