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The conversion of natural ecosystems into agricultural or urban areas can be accompanied by changes in geomorphological processes. This is common in areas where environmental conditions naturally predispose landscapes to landslides. Here we focus on the Ruzizi gorge, a region of the western branch of the East African Rift known for being affected by landslides and where the development of the city of Bukavu (DR Congo) have disturbed the landscape over the last decades. The aim of this research is to understand the regional spatio-temporal distribution of landslides in this context where the scarcity of information on geomorphological processes is commonplace. Data from field observations, historical aerial photographs, satellite imagery and archive analysis are combined to produce a multi-temporal inventory of 149 landslides spread in three morpho-lithological zones over an area of 94 km². The largest (up to 2 km²) and oldest landslides precede clearly human induced-changes of the last 60 years. There are mostly made of slides (planer and rotational) and topography, lithology (through weathering of volcanic formations) and river incision linked to Lake Kivu formation (~10 kyr BP) explain their distribution. The other landslides (58% of the inventory) have occurred in the last six decades. Most are flow-like landslides including flow slides, earthflows, debris avalanches and debris flows. These most recent and shallow landslides are mostly controlled by topography and land cover / land use changes. They are triggered by rainfall. For large landslides whose age is unknown, a hypothesis of seismicity can’t be ruled out in their triggering. But this requires a much more detailed study where the incision of the river and the progressive evolution of the slopes towards conditions of instability must be taken into account.

landslide, gorge, multi-temporal inventory, environmental factors, land cover/land use changes, Ruzizi --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Sciences de la terre & géographie physique

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Environmental policy --- Environmental management --- Environment. --- Ecology. --- Environmental management. --- Environmental policy. --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Bionomics --- Ecologies --- Environmental Psychology --- Conservation of Natural Resources --- Environmental Health --- Ecosystem --- Environmental Impact --- Environmental Impacts --- Impact, Environmental --- Impacts, Environmental --- Environments --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Political aspects --- Government policy --- waste management --- environmental quality and public health --- environmental impacts --- climate change --- land use changes --- water quality and security --- Environment --- Ecology --- Law and legislation

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue “Multiple Roles for Landscape Ecology in Future Farming Systems” that was published in Land. This book aims to inspire landscape ecologists to explore theories and practical tools that can assist in the planning, design, modification, and development of new farming landscapes with the best environmental, economic, and social outcomes in mind. It is also hoped that it will contribute toward developing land systems and land management practices for specific landscapes that meet the goals of increased nutritious food production in the face of market and climatic variability whilst reducing environmental impacts and enhancing natural capital and assisting to drive and support the transformative changes in the socioeconomic and environmental systems of rural areas required for future food production.

future farming systems --- sustainable landscapes --- landscape planning --- environmental challenges --- transdisciplinary --- agricultural systems --- indigenous economic development --- production systems --- landscape ecology --- wild harvest --- yerba mate --- agroforestry --- integrated landscape --- agrobiodiversity --- silvopastoral systems --- multifunctional landscapes --- landscape services --- geodesign --- agricultural landscape planning --- agricultural land --- cropland --- land category --- land fund --- territory --- Russia --- land cover --- land use --- landscape structure --- Eurasian skylark --- farmland birds --- prediction --- Natura 2000 --- land use changes --- wild bees --- land management practices --- validation --- InVEST model --- land system dynamics --- emergent properties --- time series analysis --- nonlinear dynamics --- Recurrence Plots --- Scotland --- social–ecological system --- mountain region --- spatial analysis --- land-use change --- farming --- n/a --- social-ecological system

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The research studies included in this Special Issue highlight the fundamental contribution of the knowledge of environmental history to conscious and efficient environment conservation and management. The long-term perspective of the dynamics that govern the human–climate ecosystem is becoming one of the main focuses of interest in biological and earth system sciences. Multidisciplinary bio-geo-archaeo investigations into the underlying processes of human impact on the landscape are crucial to envisage possible future scenarios of biosphere responses to global warming and biodiversity losses. This Special Issue seeks to engage an interdisciplinary dialog on the dynamic interactions between nature and society, focusing on long-term environmental data as an essential tool for better-informed landscape management decisions to achieve an equilibrium between conservation and sustainable resource exploitation.

oasis --- Late Holocene --- n/a --- DISP --- spatio-temporal pattern --- medieval age --- Tarim Basin --- forestland governance --- arable land --- Côte d’Ivoire --- landscape change --- landscape change index --- livestock --- middle and lower reaches of Shule River Basin --- human-induced --- land use change --- vegetation change --- land cover --- climate change --- Deforestation --- mitigation --- eco-fragile area --- development --- native forest --- agricultural oasis expansion --- cities --- central Spain --- wetland --- vegetation cover --- urbanization --- human activity intensity --- sustainability --- dike-ponds --- case study --- army --- palaeoenvironmental reconstruction --- paleoecology --- farming radius --- peace --- landscape transformation --- Shunde District --- archaeological sites --- late Holocene --- NPPs --- pollen --- soil carbon --- NDVI --- Costa Rica --- land politics --- historical land-cover/use change --- grasslands --- land use --- land reconstruction --- China --- land-use intensity --- Northeast China --- resilience --- landscape dynamics --- palaeoecology --- political tradition --- forest landscape --- African politics --- pasture indicators --- land use changes --- Landsat --- mid-mountains --- climate --- RESTREND --- driving forces --- carbon neutral --- Mediterranean --- environment --- Horqin Sandy Land --- southern Italy --- land-use degree --- flood management --- Côte d'Ivoire

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In recent years, a considerable volume of technical literature has been published on flood hazard analysis, and more recently, on flood vulnerability and resilience. Nevertheless, there is still a shortage of scientific studies and practical experience of real flood risk assessment (both social and economic), including hazard, exposure and vulnerability analyses and their integration. As there are so few references available, applications of flood risk assessment to the design of preventive measures and early warning systems, landscape and urban planning, civil protection, insurance systems, and risk-based information and education, cannot reach their full potential development. This is because the research products available, such as hazard data and maps, do not serve to ensure the efficient prioritization of mitigation measures or communities at risk. Meanwhile, flooding is the natural disaster that causes the greatest loss on a global scale, and due to climate change, this situation is expected to continue. The research manuscripts involved in this book try to offer flood risk managers new tools, data and maps to improve risk mitigation, both preventive and corrective. A wide variety of topics have been covered, including: flood risk data sources; techniques and methodologies for flood risk analysis; flood risk mapping; or flood risk analysis calibrations.

Research & information: general --- flood risk assessments --- vulnerability of networks --- emergency management --- geographic information systems --- open source --- flood risk --- LOESS model --- risk map calibration --- 112 emergency service --- central Spain --- PRICAM project --- spatial autocorrelation --- Poisson regression --- eigenvector spatial filtering method --- flood risk evaluation --- Ebro River --- flood mapping --- flood risk areas --- RADAR SAR --- Sentinel-1 --- RGB composition --- calibrated thresholding --- pluvial floods --- flood risk assessment --- climate change --- damages --- vehicles --- properties --- pedestrians --- floods --- fatalities --- circumstances of loss of life --- historical analysis --- levee failures --- database --- flood defences --- levee breach --- cultural heritage --- meso-scale --- flood hazard --- flood vulnerability --- Castile and León --- Spain --- lahar --- Pico de Orizaba --- paleostage indicators --- tree-ring analysis --- RAMMS program --- flood torrential dynamics --- geomorphological threshold --- land-use changes --- ski resort --- hydrological response --- Pyrenees --- glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) --- debris flow --- Bhote Koshi --- landslides --- Gorkha earthquake --- hazard assessment --- vulnerability indicators --- vulnerability cartography --- AHP --- local analysis --- open public data sources --- economic damage --- building first floor --- magnitude–damage models --- Navaluenga --- flood forecasting --- snow cover control --- flood management --- Tagus Basin --- climate model projections --- Reinosa --- climate change prioritization --- flood risk analysis --- flood damage uncertainty