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Well-functioning cities reduce the economic distance between people and economic opportunities. Cities thrive because they enable matchmaking-among people, among firms, and between people and job opportunities. This paper examines employment accessibility in Nairobi, Kenya and evaluates whether modification of land use patterns can contribute to increases in aggregate accessibility. The assessment is based on simulation of counterfactual scenarios of the location of jobs and households throughout the city without new investments in housing or transport infrastructure. The analysis finds that modifications to the spatial layout of Nairobi that encourage land use clustering can increase the share of overall opportunities that can be accessed within a given time-frame. When commuters travel by foot or using the minibus network, the share of accessible economic opportunities within an hour doubles from 11 to 21 percent and from 20 to 42 percent respectively. The analysis also finds that spatial layouts that maximize the number of households that have access to a minimum share of jobs, through a more even jobs-housing balance, come at the expense of average accessibility. This result is interpreted as a trade-off between inclusive and efficient labor markets.

Accessibility --- Labor Market --- Land Use Patterns --- Matchmaking --- Urban Form

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It is obvious that holding city population constant, differences in cities across the world are enormous. Urban giants in poor countries are not large using measures such as land area, interior space or value of output. These differences are easily reconciled mathematically as population is the product of land area, structure space per unit land (i.e., heights), and population per unit interior space (i.e., crowding). The first two are far larger in the cities of developed countries while the latter is larger for the cities of developing countries. In order to study sources of diversity among cities with similar population, we construct a version of the standard urban model (SUM) that yields the prediction that the elasticity of city size with respect to income could be similar within both developing countries and developed countries. However, differences in income and urban technology can explain the physical differences between the cities of developed countries and developing countries. Second, using a variety of newly merged data sets, the predictions of the SUM for similarities and differences of cities in developed and developing countries are tested. The findings suggest that population is a sufficient statistic to characterize city differences among cities within the same country, not across countries.

Cities and towns --- Global cities --- Municipalities --- Towns --- Urban areas --- Urban systems --- Human settlements --- Sociology, Urban --- Infrastructure --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Real Estate --- Demography --- General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies --- Land Use Patterns --- Housing Supply and Markets --- Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion --- Safety and Accidents --- Transportation Noise --- Transportation Systems: Government and Private Investment Analysis --- Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis --- Housing --- Technological Change: Choices and Consequences --- Diffusion Processes --- Demographic Economics: General --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Population & demography --- Labour --- income economics --- Property & real estate --- Population and demographics --- Income --- Wages --- Housing prices --- National accounts --- Prices --- Population --- Saving and investment --- United States

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wisdom --- urban design --- urban planning --- land-use patterns --- housing development --- ecological systems --- City planning --- Architecture --- Architecture. --- City planning. --- Indonesia. --- Architecture, Western (Western countries) --- Building design --- Buildings --- Construction --- Western architecture (Western countries) --- Art --- Building --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Land use --- Planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Regional planning --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Design and construction --- Government policy --- Management --- Dutch East Indies --- Endonèsie --- Indanezii͡ --- Indoneshia --- Indoneshia Kyōwakoku --- Indonesi --- Indonesya --- Indonezia --- Indonezii͡ --- Indonezija --- İndoneziya --- İndoneziya Respublikası --- Indūnīsīy --- Induonezėj --- Jumhūrīyah Indūnīsīy --- PDRI --- Pemerintah Darurat Republik Indonesia --- R.I. --- Republic of Indonesia --- Republic of the United States of Indonesia --- Republica d'Indonesia --- Republiek van Indonesi --- Republik Indonesia --- Republik Indonesia Serikat --- Republika Indonezii͡ --- Republika Indonezija --- Rėspublika Indanezii͡ --- RI --- United States of Indonesia --- Yinni --- Indonesia --- Dutch East Indies (Territory under Japanese occupation, 1942-1945) --- Architecture, Primitive --- Indanezii︠a︡ --- Indonesië --- Indonezii︠a︡ --- Indūnīsīyā --- Induonezėjė --- Jumhūrīyah Indūnīsīyā --- Republiek van Indonesië --- Republika Indonezii︠a︡ --- Rėspublika Indanezii︠a︡