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Savanna and grassland biomes cover more of the earth's surface than any other biome type, and yet they are still largely understudied. In recent decades, global savanna and grassland ecosystems have become more prominent in the literature focused on global change dynamics. Savanna and grasslands represent unique biomes with their own challenges, both in terms of their study and in terms of their complexity, leading to many contradictory and often controversial findings. The global threats to these systems are potentially significant, from climate change impacts to human management challenges, from possible degradation to complete desertification, which vary across disturbance regime shifts. This Special Issue of Applied Sciences, “Dynamics of Global Savanna and Grassland Biomes”, is intended for a wide and interdisciplinary audience, and covers recent advances in: - drivers of vegetation dynamics - further understanding carbon interactions in these critical landscapes - advances in modeling both current and future system states - tipping points in savanna systems - human-environment interactions and challenges for management - biodiversity and ecosystem services

Research & information: general --- climate change --- SAVANNA --- simulation --- scenarios --- livestock --- rangeland productivity --- CO2 effects --- remote sensing --- vegetation dynamics --- savanna landscapes --- national parks --- conservation --- temperate meadow steppe --- grassland degradation --- biomass --- vegetation --- community characteristics --- enclosure --- restoration --- management --- policy options --- neotropical savannas --- woody conversion --- support vector machine classification --- land cover change --- protected areas --- Payne's Creek National Park --- endemism --- floristics --- nomadic --- yaks --- culture --- altitude --- watersheds --- rivers --- biodiversity --- grassland management --- land degradation --- rodents --- policy --- interventions --- climate change --- SAVANNA --- simulation --- scenarios --- livestock --- rangeland productivity --- CO2 effects --- remote sensing --- vegetation dynamics --- savanna landscapes --- national parks --- conservation --- temperate meadow steppe --- grassland degradation --- biomass --- vegetation --- community characteristics --- enclosure --- restoration --- management --- policy options --- neotropical savannas --- woody conversion --- support vector machine classification --- land cover change --- protected areas --- Payne's Creek National Park --- endemism --- floristics --- nomadic --- yaks --- culture --- altitude --- watersheds --- rivers --- biodiversity --- grassland management --- land degradation --- rodents --- policy --- interventions

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Savanna and grassland biomes cover more of the earth's surface than any other biome type, and yet they are still largely understudied. In recent decades, global savanna and grassland ecosystems have become more prominent in the literature focused on global change dynamics. Savanna and grasslands represent unique biomes with their own challenges, both in terms of their study and in terms of their complexity, leading to many contradictory and often controversial findings. The global threats to these systems are potentially significant, from climate change impacts to human management challenges, from possible degradation to complete desertification, which vary across disturbance regime shifts. This Special Issue of Applied Sciences, “Dynamics of Global Savanna and Grassland Biomes”, is intended for a wide and interdisciplinary audience, and covers recent advances in: - drivers of vegetation dynamics - further understanding carbon interactions in these critical landscapes - advances in modeling both current and future system states - tipping points in savanna systems - human-environment interactions and challenges for management - biodiversity and ecosystem services

climate change --- SAVANNA --- simulation --- scenarios --- livestock --- rangeland productivity --- CO2 effects --- remote sensing --- vegetation dynamics --- savanna landscapes --- national parks --- conservation --- temperate meadow steppe --- grassland degradation --- biomass --- vegetation --- community characteristics --- enclosure --- restoration --- management --- policy options --- neotropical savannas --- woody conversion --- support vector machine classification --- land cover change --- protected areas --- Payne’s Creek National Park --- endemism --- floristics --- nomadic --- yaks --- culture --- altitude --- watersheds --- rivers --- biodiversity --- grassland management --- land degradation --- rodents --- policy --- interventions --- n/a --- Payne's Creek National Park

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In response to the increasing urbanization, advances in the science of urban hydrology have improved urban water system management, creating more livable cities in which public safety and health, as well as the environment, are protected. The ultimate goal of urban water management is to mimic the hydrological cycle prior to urbanization. On top of urbanization, climate change, which has been demonstrated to alter the hydrological cycle in all respects, has introduced additional challenges to managing urban water systems. To mitigate and adapt to urbanization under a changing climate, understanding key hydrologic components should expand to include complex issues brought forth by climate change. Thus, effective and efficient measures can be formulated. This Special Issue of Water presents a variety of research papers that span a range of spatial and temporal scales of relevance in different societies’ efforts in adapting to the eminent changes in climate and the continuous changes in the landscape. From mitigating water quality in permeable pavements and bioretention swales to understanding changes in groundwater recharge in large regions, this Special Issue examines the state-of-the-art in sustainable urban design for adaptation and resiliency.

permeable asphalt --- heavy metal --- leaching behavior --- MSWI-BAA --- stormwater --- low impact development --- sustainable urban drainage systems --- stormwater modelling --- urban development --- GIS --- SAW --- decision-making --- strategic planning --- spatial analysis --- stormwater quality --- fecal coliforms --- Vancouver Island --- nearshore areas --- bacteria loading --- multinomial logistic regression --- periodicity analysis --- land use impacts --- climate impacts --- green roof --- energy performance --- heat island effect --- bio-retention --- green infrastructure --- runoff control performance --- storm inlet hydraulics --- flow distribution hydraulics --- climate change --- urbanization --- urban runoff --- Toronto --- Montreal --- Vancouver --- flooding --- geospatial modeling --- groundwater level --- trends --- non-stationarity --- climate variability --- land use/land cover change --- developing cities --- n/a

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Forests cover 30% of the Earth’s land area, or nearly four billion hectares. Enhancing the benefits and ecosystem services of forests has been increasingly recognized as an essential part of nature-based solutions for solving many emerging global environmental problems today. A core science supporting forest management is understanding the interactions of forests, water, and people. These interactions have become increasingly complex under climate change and its associated impacts, such as the increases in the intensity and frequency of drought and floods, increasing population and deforestation, and a rise in global demands for multiple ecosystem services including clean water supply and carbon sequestration. Forest watershed managers have recognized that water management is an essential component of forest management. Global environmental change is posing more challenges for managing forests and water toward sustainable development. New science on forest and water is critically needed across the globe. The International Forests and Water Conference 2018, Valdivia, Chile (http://forestsandwater2018.cl/), a joint effort of the 5th IUFRO International Conference on Forests and Water in a Changing Environment and the Second Latin American Conference on Forests and Water provided a unique forum to examine forest and water issues in Latin America under a global context. This book represents a collection of some of the peer-reviewed papers presented at the conference that were published in a Special Issue of Forests.

social capital --- Cambodia --- forest and water policy --- land use and land cover change --- shrubland --- “Forests to Faucets” --- precipitation gradient --- forest ecosystem management --- afforestation --- connectivity --- land use change --- forest operations --- Chile --- catchment management --- forest plantation --- climate change --- compound wildfire-water risk --- native forest --- hydrology --- wetland --- streamside native buffer --- sustainability --- participatory monitoring --- hydrological modeling --- timber harvesting --- water quality --- native forests --- source water protection --- global change --- forest hydrology --- community drinking-water --- SDGs --- drinking-water security --- Oregon --- forest --- aquatic-riparian ecosystems --- NDC --- heat: moisture index --- watershed management --- load --- Rhyacotriton --- ecohydrology --- nutrient concentrations --- multi-criteria analysis --- Loess Plateau --- dissolved organic matter --- US Pacific Northwest --- soil moisture --- agricultural lands --- water management --- water provision --- water supply --- forests --- post-fire hydrology --- grassland --- forest plantations --- restoration strategy --- riparian buffer zones --- Mekong --- riparian vegetation --- density management harvest --- SWAT model --- forest watersheds --- water governance --- Nenjiang River --- forestry --- ecosystem services

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This book focuses attention on significant novel approaches developed to monitor land surface by exploiting satellite data in the infrared and visible ranges. Unlike in situ measurements, satellite data provide global coverage and higher temporal resolution, with very accurate retrievals of land parameters. This is fundamental in the study of climate change and global warming. The authors offer an overview of different methodologies to retrieve land surface parameters— evapotranspiration, emissivity contrast and water deficit indices, land subsidence, leaf area index, vegetation height, and crop coefficient—all of which play a significant role in the study of land cover, land use, monitoring of vegetation and soil water stress, as well as early warning and detection of forest fires and drought.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- Sentinel-2 --- spectral bands --- LAI --- vegetation indices --- Sentinel-1 --- SAR --- RVI --- incidence angle --- crop coefficient --- leaf area index --- urban heat island --- UHI regional impacts --- non-urban areas --- remote sensing --- thermal band --- UHI intensity --- remote sensing/GIS --- spatial dynamics --- landscape metrics --- urban–rural gradient --- urbanization --- automatic monitoring --- time series --- change detection --- urban planning --- hyperspectral --- cacti --- drone --- climate change --- drought --- water deficit index --- infrared observations --- satellite --- surface temperature --- air temperature --- humidity --- dew point temperature --- land subsidence --- DInSAR --- differential interferograms stacking --- floods --- coastal plain of Tabasco --- crop residue --- fusion --- machine learning algorithm --- reflective and radar bands --- land-cover change --- REDD+ --- Google Earth Engine --- random forest --- landsat --- Togo --- emissivity --- evapotranspiration --- heterogeneity --- Rao’s Q index --- spectral variation hypothesis --- thermal infrared