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Book
Deep Integration in Trade Agreements : Labor Clauses, Tariffs, and Trade Flows
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Year: 2021 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Abstract

Deepening preferential trade agreements extend coverage to social issues, including labor clauses. While there is a long history of debate over the intent of labor clauses, less is known about the impact of labor clauses. Recent studies show that labor clauses improve working conditions, but the impact on trade flows is still debated. Existing studies do not include a full set of fixed effects (to control for endogeneity and unobserved confounding factors), other dimensions of deep agreements that could be correlated with labor clauses (tariffs and other "deep" clauses), and pseudo-Poisson maximum likelihood estimation. This paper combines all three with additional robustness checks. While the estimated effect of trade agreements is positive overall, the estimated marginal relationship between labor clauses and trade volume is generally negative but varies with the type of clauses. Freedom of Association, Forced and Child Labor, and International Labor Standards are consistently associated with higher trade flows. Clauses that are more likely to eliminate illicit trade, including clauses related to discrimination, protection of working conditions, and third-party monitoring exhibit a negative marginal relationship with trade flows.


Book
International economics : understanding the forces of globalization for managers
Author:
ISBN: 1606493531 Year: 2013 Publisher: New York, New York (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017) : Business Expert Press,

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Today's news media displays an intense fascination with the global economy--and for good reason. The degree of worldwide economic integration is unprecedented, and rising globalization has lifted living standards and reduced poverty. Foreign markets and new technologies continue to present opportunities for entrepreneurs and corporations. Still, economic shocks can spread across the world in minutes, impacting billions of lives. Citizens are understandably anxious in this age of macroeconomic turbulence and overextended governments. Modern economics offers a powerful framework for understanding globalization, international trade, and economic growth. Many managers possess years of hands-on experience dealing with business cycles and foreign competitive pressures, yet these leaders may not have a solid grounding in economic concepts that shed light on the forces of globalization. This book explains economics in everyday language, using little or no math, giving businesspersons better tools to interpret current events as well as long-term economic and political developments.

Keywords

International economic relations. --- Globalization. --- economics --- human capital --- financial crisis --- macroeconomics --- comparative advantage --- absolute advantage --- emerging economy --- international trade --- business strategy --- economic growth --- economic history --- international economics --- political economy --- economic development --- industrialization --- labor market --- convergence --- New World --- mercantilism --- Industrial Revolution --- productivity --- technology --- capital control --- intellectual property --- research and development --- productivity slowdown --- Adam Smith --- factor proportions model --- gravity model --- infant industry --- import substitution --- Asian Tiger --- trade policy --- tariff --- public choice --- rent seeking --- trade agreement --- free trade --- liberalization --- information and communications technology --- vertical integration --- supply chain --- poverty trap --- big push --- coordination failure --- industrial policy --- diversification --- value added --- managerial capital --- skill biased technological change --- population growth --- wage inequality --- middle income trap --- tradable sector --- offshoring --- outsourcing --- foreign direct investment --- skill upgrading --- immigration --- wage structure --- regulation --- competitiveness --- corruption --- democracy --- autocracy --- socialism --- communism --- controlled capitalism --- gold standard --- natural resource curse --- business cycle --- collective bargaining --- social insurance --- safety net --- labor union --- Washington Consensus --- multinational enterprise --- exchange rate --- sweatshop --- spillover --- human rights --- labor standard --- property rights --- Dutch disease --- extractive industry --- negative externality --- pollution haven --- greenhouse gas --- global warming --- climate change

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