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The paper analyzes the macroeconomic implications of different systems of industrial relations. After reviewing the relevant literature, and analyzing cross-country evidence, the paper focuses on the experience of centralized bargaining characterizing Spain in the period 1979-86. The paper argues, in accordance with the literature and the cross-country evidence, that the centralization of bargaining yielded positive macroeconomic effects in Spain, and thus that the shift toward a more decentralized setting after 1987 carries several risks. This conclusion is based on an empirical analysis of the wage setting process and of the evolution of labor shares in income.

Income economics --- Labor costs --- Labor share --- Labor --- Labour --- Real wages --- Wage adjustments --- Wages --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Spain

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This paper studies the economic effects of legal amendments on different types of labor laws. It examines the effects of amendments to labor dispute laws and amendments to job security legislation. It also identifies the effects of legal amendments related to the most contentious regulation of all-Chapter Vb of the Industrial Disputes Act-which stipulates that firms with 100 or more employees cannot retrench workers without government authorization. The analysis finds that laws that increase job security or increase the cost of labor disputes substantially reduce registered sector employment and output but do not increase the labor share. Labor-intensive industries, such as textiles, are the hardest hit by laws that increase job security while capital-intensive industries are most affected by higher labor dispute resolution costs. The paper concludes that widespread and increasing use of contract labor may have brought some output and employment gains but did not make up for the adverse effects of job security and dispute resolution laws.

Contract Labor --- Employment --- Job Security --- Jobs --- Labor Laws --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Labor Regulations --- Labor share --- Labor Standards --- Labour --- Labour Bureau --- Social Protections and Labor --- Workers

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Using a cross-section of more than 29,000 manufacturing firms in 64 developing and emerging countries from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys, this paper assesses whether trading firms have a female labor share premium relative to non-trading firms. It focuses on four types of trading firms: exporters, importers, global value chain participants, and foreign firms. The study finds a female labor share premium for all four trading types, controlling for firm output, capital intensity, total factor productivity, and fixed effects. The findings also hold after controlling for differences in relative wages between men and women and excluding traditional export sectors (apparel and electronics) from the sample. The female labor share premium is much higher for production workers compared with non-production workers, implying that women specialize in low-skill production. In line with these findings, the study finds that the female labor share premium for exporters and global value chain participants is highest in low-tech sectors. And female ownership and management expand the female labor share premium for trading firms. Finally, the results suggest that although average wage rates are lower for firms with higher female labor shares, this negative correlation is smaller for trading firms.

Female Labor Force Participation --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gender and Poverty --- Global Value Chain --- Labor Markets --- Labor Share --- Skills Development and Labor Force Training --- Social Protections and Labor --- Trade --- Wage Gap --- Wages, Compensation and Benefits

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This paper explores sources of the output collapse in Russia during transition. A modified growth accounting framework is developed that takes into account changes in factor utilization typical of the transition process. The results indicate that declines in factor inputs and productivity were both important determinants of the output fall. The contribution of the productivity drop was critical, but smaller than previously reported. Possible causes of the reduction in productivity are assessed using data on sub-national regions within Russia. Privatization and entry of private firms are found to have generated productivity gains, while lack of exit of unviable enterprises constituted a drag on efficiency.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Labor Economics: General --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Macroeconomics: Production --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Accounting --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic growth --- Total factor productivity --- Productivity --- Labor share --- Growth accounting --- Industrial productivity --- Labor economics --- Wages --- Economic development --- Russian Federation --- Income economics

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Labor markets around the world have become increasingly integrated over the last two decades, with the entry of China, India and the former Eastern bloc into the world trading system, the removal of restrictions on trade and capital flows, and rapid technological progress. At the same time, the share of labor in national income decreased in most advanced countries. This paper uses a labor share equation derived from a translog revenue function to estimate the contributions of globalization, technological progress, and labor market policies to the decline in the labor share. The results, obtained for 18 advanced countries over 1982- 2002, suggest that globalization was only one of several factors that have affected the labor share. Technological progress, especially in the information and communications sectors, has had a bigger impact, particularly on the labor share in unskilled sectors.

Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labour --- income economics --- Labor share --- Labor force --- Labor markets --- Labor economics --- Labor market --- Economic theory --- United States --- Income economics