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Nearly Native, Barely Civilized by Roy Dilley offers the first full-length biography of Henri Gaden, an exceptional French colonial character who lived through some of the most radical transformations in West African history. It provides an in-depth, intimate and rounded portrayal of the man, his place in history, and the contradictions, tensions and ambiguities not only in his personal and professional life but also at the heart of the colonial enterprise. Soldier, ethnographer and linguist, lover, father, administrator and Governor, Henri Gaden (1867-1939) lived for 45 years in West Africa. Faced with the chaos, insecurity and insanity of colonial existence, Gaden experienced a rich mosaic of human pain and passion, of curiosity and intellectual endeavour, of folly and failure.
Gaden, Henri, --- Africa, West --- Mauritania --- Afrique occidentale --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Colonial administrators --- Linguists --- Gaden, Henri, 1867-1939. --- Gaden, Hanri, --- Gaden, Nicolas-Jules-Henri, --- Mauretania --- Mauritanie --- Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Territoire de la Mauritanie --- Islamic Republic of Mauritania --- République islamique de Mauritanie --- Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- R.I. Mauritanie --- RI Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyā --- République islamique arabe et africaine de Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyyah --- Al-Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Civil service, Colonial --- Government executives --- Muritaniyah --- موريتانيا --- Mūrītānyā --- Gànnaar --- Murutaane --- Moritani --- الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- モーリタニア --- Mōritania --- Mauretanien
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La vocation séculaire de la Mauritanie a été de se vouloir un "pont" entre le Maghreb et l'Afrique noire car les déserts, comme les fleuves, unissent au moins autant qu'ils ne séparent. La jeune république mauritanienne s'est assignée de réactualiser cette mission, à la fois pour légitimer son entrée dans le concert des Etats-Nations, et pour se donner davantage de moyens dans sa lutte pour le développement et l'émancipation. Cette situation spécifique de la Mauritanie, qui en fait une des principales charnières africaines, devait logiquement susciter la collaboration des deux équipes de recherche du C.R.E.S.M. et du C.E.A.N. Les régions rassemblées au sein de la Mauritanie contemporaine ont une riche histoire et ont été depuis longtemps un foyer culturel et religieux important. Elles ont fait l'objet de nombreuses études approfondies, mais dispersées et peu accessibles au public non spécialisé. De même la Mauritanie nouvelle, après avoir été la "Cendrillon" de la colonisation française, a été quelque peu délaissée par les observateurs jusqu'à ce que le conflit du Sahara occidental ne la projette sur la scène de l'actualité internationale. Le lecteur trouvera dans ce livre collectif, rassemblées pour la première fois, un ensemble de contributions à caractère historique, géographique, culturel, sociologique, économique et politique rédigées par des spécialistes soucieux de mettre au service d'un ouvrage de vulgarisation la précision de leurs recherches et leur attachement à cette Mauritanie "terre des hommes".
Mauritania. --- Mauritanie --- History & Archaeology --- Regions & Countries - Africa --- Mauretania --- Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Territoire de la Mauritanie --- Islamic Republic of Mauritania --- République islamique de Mauritanie --- Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- R.I. Mauritanie --- RI Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyā --- République islamique arabe et africaine de Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyyah --- Al-Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Muritaniyah --- موريتانيا --- Mūrītānyā --- Gànnaar --- Murutaane --- Moritani --- الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- モーリタニア --- Mōritania --- Mauretanien --- décolonisation --- Sahara
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À quels critères et à quelles exigences répond la « fabrication » des élites du monde nomade ? Quelles sont les métamorphoses qui les travaillent dans un environnement politique, économique, social et cultures en pleine mutation ? Ce volume à plusieurs plumes appréhende la question à travers deux exemples : les Touaregs et les Maures. Il s’interroge sur la hiérarchie des savoirs mobilisés et valorisés dans chacune de ces sociétés, sur les pratiques et les pouvoirs d’action auxquels ils conduisent, sur les conditions nécessaires à leur perpétuation ou au contraire à leur invalidation. La notion d’élite est explorée ici dans une acception large, comme la représentation en vigueur dans une société donnée des « personnes les meilleures, les plus remarquables d’un groupe » (Littré, Le Robert). Elle est étudiée dans une perspective diachronique qui met en avant l’évolution des modalités de transmission des connaissances et de leur contenu. Les correspondances apparaissent multiples entre les divers types de savoirs et de pouvoirs. La transformation de l’ordre du politique, en particulier, a des répercussions évidentes sur l’ensemble des autres domaines, qu’ils concernent les modes d’interprétation et de gestion du social du culturel, de l’économique, du sacré…
History & Archaeology --- Regions & Countries - Africa --- Mauritania --- Sahara --- Social life and customs. --- Sahara Desert --- Africa, North --- Mauretania --- Mauritanie --- Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Territoire de la Mauritanie --- Islamic Republic of Mauritania --- République islamique de Mauritanie --- Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- R.I. Mauritanie --- RI Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyā --- République islamique arabe et africaine de Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyyah --- Al-Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Muritaniyah --- موريتانيا --- Mūrītānyā --- Gànnaar --- Murutaane --- Moritani --- الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- モーリタニア --- Mōritania --- Mauretanien --- élite --- Maures --- Touaregs
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Nomads --- Social life and customs. --- Sedentarization --- Mauritania --- Sahel --- Sahara --- Social life and customs --- Nomadic peoples --- Nomadism --- Pastoral peoples --- Vagabonds --- Wanderers --- Persons --- Herders --- Sahara Desert --- Africa, North --- Mauretania --- Mauritanie --- Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Territoire de la Mauritanie --- Islamic Republic of Mauritania --- République islamique de Mauritanie --- Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- R.I. Mauritanie --- RI Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyā --- République islamique arabe et africaine de Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyyah --- Al-Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Muritaniyah --- موريتانيا --- Mūrītānyā --- Gànnaar --- Murutaane --- Moritani --- الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- モーリタニア --- Mōritania --- Mauretanien
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Bibliography - General --- Regions & Countries - Africa --- General --- History & Archaeology --- Mauritania --- Bibliography. --- Mauretania --- Mauritanie --- Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Territoire de la Mauritanie --- Islamic Republic of Mauritania --- République islamique de Mauritanie --- Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- R.I. Mauritanie --- RI Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyā --- République islamique arabe et africaine de Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyyah --- Al-Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Muritaniyah --- موريتانيا --- Mūrītānyā --- Gànnaar --- Murutaane --- Moritani --- الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- モーリタニア --- Mōritania --- Mauretanien --- Citizenship --- Birthright citizenship --- Citizenship (International law) --- National citizenship --- Nationality (Citizenship) --- Political science --- Public law --- Allegiance --- Civics --- Domicile --- Political rights --- Law and legislation
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Dominance (Psychology) --- Slavery --- Social status --- Social standing --- Socio-economic status --- Socioeconomic status --- Standing, Social --- Status, Social --- Power (Social sciences) --- Prestige --- Abolition of slavery --- Antislavery --- Enslavement --- Mui tsai --- Ownership of slaves --- Servitude --- Slave keeping --- Slave system --- Slaveholding --- Thralldom --- Crimes against humanity --- Serfdom --- Slaveholders --- Slaves --- Social hierarchy (Psychology) --- Control (Psychology) --- Social groups --- Mauritania --- Mauretania --- Mauritanie --- Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Territoire de la Mauritanie --- Islamic Republic of Mauritania --- République islamique de Mauritanie --- Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- R.I. Mauritanie --- RI Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyā --- République islamique arabe et africaine de Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyyah --- Al-Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Muritaniyah --- موريتانيا --- Mūrītānyā --- Gànnaar --- Murutaane --- Moritani --- الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- モーリタニア --- Mōritania --- Mauretanien --- Ethnic relations. --- Enslaved persons --- Maures (peuple d'Afrique) --- Esclavage --- Stratification sociale --- Conditions sociales --- Histoire
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Mauritania was one of the countries to reach the completion point under the enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries. The revised fiscal, balance of payments, and monetary data, including data on commercial banks, revealed that the main program parameters were missed by large margins. In 2003–04, progress in structural reforms was slower than planned, and major weaknesses surfaced in fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate management. Executive Directors welcomed the authorities’ intention to gear medium-term spending plans toward poverty reduction.
Poverty --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Mauritania --- Mauretania --- Mauritanie --- Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Territoire de la Mauritanie --- Islamic Republic of Mauritania --- République islamique de Mauritanie --- Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- R.I. Mauritanie --- RI Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyā --- République islamique arabe et africaine de Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyyah --- Al-Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Muritaniyah --- موريتانيا --- Mūrītānyā --- Gànnaar --- Murutaane --- Moritani --- الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- モーリタニア --- Mōritania --- Mauretanien --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy. --- Banks and Banking --- Investments: Energy --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Social Services and Welfare --- Monetary Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Financing Policy --- Financial Risk and Risk Management --- Capital and Ownership Structure --- Value of Firms --- Goodwill --- Energy: General --- Banking --- Public finance & taxation --- Financial services law & regulation --- Investment & securities --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- International reserves --- Expenditure --- Operational risk --- Oil --- Central banks --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Commodities --- Foreign exchange reserves --- Expenditures, Public --- Financial risk management --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Mauritania, Islamic Republic of
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The staff report for the Second Review Under the Three-Year Arrangement Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility highlights the Islamic Republic of Mauritania’s economic and financial policies. The basic non-oil fiscal balance was significantly higher than projected, owing mainly to high fiscal revenues and delays in investment spending. Monetary policy remained prudent, contributing to a further decline in inflation. In view of its limited oil revenue prospects, Mauritania needs to continue mobilizing concessional support to finance its poverty reduction strategy.
Fiscal policy --- Monetary policy --- Foreign exchange rates --- Finance --- Mauritania --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy. --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question --- Exchange rates --- Fixed exchange rates --- Flexible exchange rates --- Floating exchange rates --- Fluctuating exchange rates --- Foreign exchange --- Rates of exchange --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Finance, Public --- Rates --- Government policy --- Mauretania --- Mauritanie --- Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Territoire de la Mauritanie --- Islamic Republic of Mauritania --- République islamique de Mauritanie --- Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- R.I. Mauritanie --- RI Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyā --- République islamique arabe et africaine de Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyyah --- Al-Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Muritaniyah --- موريتانيا --- Mūrītānyā --- Gànnaar --- Murutaane --- Moritani --- الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- モーリタニア --- Mōritania --- Mauretanien --- Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Social Services and Welfare --- Energy: General --- Fiscal Policy --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Social welfare & social services --- International economics --- Oil --- Fiscal stance --- Oil, gas and mining taxes --- Poverty reduction strategy --- Expenditure --- Commodities --- Taxes --- Poverty --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Expenditures, Public --- Mauritania, Islamic Republic of
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Statistical data and issues are discussed in this paper. Mauritania reached the completion point under the enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries. In July 2004, a new economic team took actions to tighten fiscal and monetary policies. The authorities intend to adopt sound principles for oil revenue management and tracking (various frameworks, such as the one proposed in the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative, are under consideration). Executive Directors welcomed the authorities’ willingness to prepare for the transition to a more flexible exchange rate.
Poverty --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Mauritania --- Mauretania --- Mauritanie --- Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Territoire de la Mauritanie --- Islamic Republic of Mauritania --- République islamique de Mauritanie --- Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- R.I. Mauritanie --- RI Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyā --- République islamique arabe et africaine de Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyyah --- Al-Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Muritaniyah --- موريتانيا --- Mūrītānyā --- Gànnaar --- Murutaane --- Moritani --- الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- モーリタニア --- Mōritania --- Mauretanien --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions --- Investments: Energy --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Energy: General --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Fiscal Policy --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Poverty & precarity --- Health economics --- Oil --- Oil, gas and mining taxes --- Oil prices --- Fiscal policy --- Commodities --- Taxes --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Mauritania, Islamic Republic of
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In this study, despite recovery in the aftermath of the global crisis, the following challenges faced by Mauritania are discussed: vulnerability to external shocks, an insufficiently diversified economy, weak business climate, lack of fiscal space, and high unemployment and poverty rates. The poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP) provides a good framework. Monetary, exchange rate, and financial sector policies are explained. Debt management and the improvement of the quality of public services by fiscal reforms and private sector by the implementation of the investment code are discussed.
Economic indicators --- Debts, Public --- Debts, External --- Business indicators --- Indicators, Business --- Indicators, Economic --- Leading indicators --- Economic history --- Quality of life --- Economic forecasting --- Index numbers (Economics) --- Social indicators --- Debts, Foreign --- Debts, International --- External debts --- Foreign debts --- International debts --- Debt --- International finance --- Investments, Foreign --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Mauritania --- Mauretania --- Mauritanie --- Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Territoire de la Mauritanie --- Islamic Republic of Mauritania --- République islamique de Mauritanie --- Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- R.I. Mauritanie --- RI Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyā --- République islamique arabe et africaine de Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyyah --- Al-Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Muritaniyah --- موريتانيا --- Mūrītānyā --- Gànnaar --- Murutaane --- Moritani --- الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- モーリタニア --- Mōritania --- Mauretanien --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Statistics --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Fiscal Policy --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: Other --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Monetary economics --- External debt --- Expenditure --- Fiscal stance --- Credit --- Commodity prices --- Money --- Fiscal policy --- Prices --- Expenditures, Public --- Mauritania, Islamic Republic of
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