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Women, Kurdish --- Kurdish women --- Cansız, Sakine. --- Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê. --- Kongreya Azadî û Demokrasiya Kurdistan --- Partiya Karkere Kürdistan --- PKK --- Kurdish Workers' Party --- Worker's Party of Kurdistan --- Apocular (Organization) --- Arbeiterpartei Kurdistans --- Partiya Karkerén Kürdistan --- Ergatiko Komma tou Kourdistan --- Kurdistan Isci Partisi --- Partito kurdo dei lavoratori --- Partito comunista kurdo --- Partî Kirêkaranî Kurdistan --- KİP --- Ḥizb al-ʻUmmāl al-Kūrdistānī

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How do insurgents and governments select their targets? Which ideological discourses and organizational policies do they adopt to win civilian loyalties and control territory? Aysegul Aydin and Cem Emrence suggest that both insurgents and governments adopt a wide variety of coercive strategies in war environments. In Zones of Rebellion, they integrate Turkish-Ottoman history with social science theory to unveil the long-term policies that continue to inform the distribution of violence in Anatolia. The authors show the astonishing similarity in combatants' practices over time and their resulting inability to consolidate Kurdish people and territory around their respective political agendas. The Kurdish insurgency in Turkey is one of the longest-running civil wars in the Middle East. Zones of Rebellion demonstrates for the first time how violence in this conflict has varied geographically. Identifying distinct zones of violence, Aydin and Emrence show why Kurds and Kurdish territories have followed different political trajectories, guaranteeing continued strife between Kurdish insurgents and the Turkish state in an area where armed groups organized along ethnic lines have battled the central state since Ottoman times. Aydin and Emrence present the first empirical analysis of Kurdish insurgency, relying on original data. These new datasets include information on the location, method, timing, target, and outcome of more than ten thousand insurgent attacks and counterinsurgent operations between 1984 and 2008. Another data set registers civilian unrest in Kurdish urban centers for the same period, including nearly eight hundred incidents ranging from passive resistance to active challenges to Turkey's security forces. The authors argue that both state agents and insurgents are locked into particular tactics in their conduct of civil war and that the inability of combatants to switch from violence to civic politics leads to a long-running stalemate. Such rigidity blocks negotiations and prevents battlefield victories from being translated into political solutions and lasting agreements.

KURDS--TURKEY --- KURDS--TURKEY--HISTORY--AUTONOMY AND INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS --- Kurds --- Ethnic conflict --- Ethnology --- Iranians --- Conflict, Ethnic --- Ethnic violence --- Inter-ethnic conflict --- Interethnic conflict --- Ethnic relations --- Social conflict --- History --- Autonomy and independence movements. --- Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê. --- Partiya Karkere Kürdistan --- PKK --- Kurdish Workers' Party --- Worker's Party of Kurdistan --- Apocular (Organization) --- Arbeiterpartei Kurdistans --- Partiya Karkerén Kürdistan --- Ergatiko Komma tou Kourdistan --- Kurdistan Isci Partisi --- Partito kurdo dei lavoratori --- Partito comunista kurdo --- Partî Kirêkaranî Kurdistan --- KİP --- Ḥizb al-ʻUmmāl al-Kūrdistānī --- Kongreya Azadî û Demokrasiya Kurdistan --- Turkey --- Ethnic relations.

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The definitive introduction to the Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan (PKK, Kurdistan Workers' Party) in Turkey.

Government, Resistance to --- Kurds --- Civil resistance --- Non-resistance to government --- Resistance to government --- Political science --- Political violence --- Insurgency --- Nonviolence --- Revolutions --- Civil rights --- Partiya Karkercên Kurdistanê. --- Revolutionary groups & movements --- Politics and government --- Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê. --- Turkey --- Ethnic relations. --- Partiya Karkere Kürdistan --- PKK --- Kurdish Workers' Party --- Worker's Party of Kurdistan --- Apocular (Organization) --- Arbeiterpartei Kurdistans --- Partiya Karkerén Kürdistan --- Ergatiko Komma tou Kourdistan --- Kurdistan Isci Partisi --- Partito kurdo dei lavoratori --- Partito comunista kurdo --- Partî Kirêkaranî Kurdistan --- KİP --- Ḥizb al-ʻUmmāl al-Kūrdistānī --- Kongreya Azadî û Demokrasiya Kurdistan --- Political resistance --- 1900-1999

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The aim of this Special Issue lies in expanding contemporary discussions on Japanese Cinema and its transnational aspects by applying new critical methodologies and stances and in revealing the contradictions inherent in the way the old paradigm of ‘National Cinema’ has traditionally been articulated. In order to do so, this publication highlights the limitations of assessing Japanese film as a cinematic phenomenon confined to its national borders. Throughout this issue, the concept of transnationality is not confined to a single definition and is instead used as an analytical framework which allow authors to surpass narrow perspectives that neglect the complex nature of Japanese film in terms of its esthetics, narratives, and theoretical approaches as well as production, consumption, and distribution systems. This volume casts light on the extraordinary international flows of images, stories, iconographies, and theories between Japan and other countries, and assesses the dialectic relationship between two apparently contradictory aspects: external influences and Japanese uniqueness, revealing how ‘uniquely Japanese’ films may ironically contain foreign codes of representation. Thus, the articles presented here bring a more comprehensive understanding of how global cultural flows have shaped local creativity. Some authors adopt additional transnational perspectives, through which they analyse how Japan is represented as ‘other’ from outside and how the rest of the world is represented by Japan, or propose a renewal of film theories on Japanese cinema that have traditionally been dominated by Western writings. Overall, manuscripts included in this publication help the reader to understand different ways in which Japan expands beyond Japanese Cinema and Japanese Cinema expands beyond Japan.

The arts --- Films, cinema --- Shakespeare --- Kurosawa --- Macbeth --- films --- translation --- transcultural --- Noh --- tragedy --- fate --- guilt --- contemporary Japanese cinema --- cultural blending --- intertextuality --- mise en abyme --- Nobuhiro Suwa --- transculturality --- (trans)national cinema --- national cinema --- transnational Japanese film --- taiyōzoku --- mukokuseki --- 'kimono effect' --- youth icons --- postwar film festivals --- cartoon movie --- Japan and Spain --- transnational imagery --- film studies --- ideological analysis --- ideology --- Japanese cinema --- nation --- New Left --- New Wave --- Nuberu Bagu --- Yoshida Kiju --- Naomi Kawase --- cinema of place --- women directors --- art cinema --- international film festivals --- female authorship --- auteur --- metamorphosis --- animation --- Franz Kafka --- cinematic picture --- film aesthetics --- theory of beauty --- ikebana --- kire --- geidō --- film philosophy --- Japanese aesthetics --- transcultural thinking --- Ri Koran --- Li Xianglan --- Yamaguchi Yoshiko --- transnationality --- Japanese Empire --- propaganda films --- Shakespeare --- Kurosawa --- Macbeth --- films --- translation --- transcultural --- Noh --- tragedy --- fate --- guilt --- contemporary Japanese cinema --- cultural blending --- intertextuality --- mise en abyme --- Nobuhiro Suwa --- transculturality --- (trans)national cinema --- national cinema --- transnational Japanese film --- taiyōzoku --- mukokuseki --- 'kimono effect' --- youth icons --- postwar film festivals --- cartoon movie --- Japan and Spain --- transnational imagery --- film studies --- ideological analysis --- ideology --- Japanese cinema --- nation --- New Left --- New Wave --- Nuberu Bagu --- Yoshida Kiju --- Naomi Kawase --- cinema of place --- women directors --- art cinema --- international film festivals --- female authorship --- auteur --- metamorphosis --- animation --- Franz Kafka --- cinematic picture --- film aesthetics --- theory of beauty --- ikebana --- kire --- geidō --- film philosophy --- Japanese aesthetics --- transcultural thinking --- Ri Koran --- Li Xianglan --- Yamaguchi Yoshiko --- transnationality --- Japanese Empire --- propaganda films

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Anatomy of a Civil War demonstrates the destructive nature of war, ranging from the physical to the psychosocial, as well as war's detrimental effects on the environment. Despite such horrific aspects, evidence suggests that civil war is likely to generate multilayered outcomes. To examine the transformative aspects of civil war, Mehmet Gurses draws on an original survey conducted in Turkey, where a Kurdish armed group, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), has been waging an intermittent insurgency for Kurdish self-rule since 1984. Findings from a probability sample of 2,100 individuals randomly selected from three major Kurdish-populated provinces in the eastern part of Turkey, coupled with insights from face-to-face in-depth interviews with dozens of individuals affected by violence, provide evidence for the multifaceted nature of exposure to violence during civil war. Just as the destructive nature of war manifests itself in various forms and shapes, wartime experiences can engender positive attitudes toward women, create a culture of political activism, and develop secular values at the individual level. In addition, wartime experiences seem to robustly predict greater support for political activism. Nonetheless, changes in gender relations and the rise of a secular political culture appear to be primarily shaped by wartime experiences interacting with insurgent ideology.

SOCIAL SCIENCE / Women's Studies. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Peace. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / General. --- Civil wars --- Insurgency --- Kurds --- History --- Autonomy and independence movements. --- Politics and government. --- Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan --- History. --- Turkey --- Politics and government --- Ethnic relations. --- Intra-state war --- Rebellions --- Government, Resistance to --- International law --- Revolutions --- War --- Insurgent attacks --- Civil war --- Political crimes and offenses --- Internal security --- Ethnology --- Iranians --- Partiya Karkere Kürdistan --- PKK --- Kurdish Workers' Party --- Worker's Party of Kurdistan --- Apocular (Organization) --- Arbeiterpartei Kurdistans --- Partiya Karkerén Kürdistan --- Ergatiko Komma tou Kourdistan --- Kurdistan Isci Partisi --- Partito kurdo dei lavoratori --- Partito comunista kurdo --- Partî Kirêkaranî Kurdistan --- KİP --- Ḥizb al-ʻUmmāl al-Kūrdistānī --- Kongreya Azadî û Demokrasiya Kurdistan --- Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê --- Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê