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Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive form of lung cancer: No significant progress has been made in finding new treatments for decades and platinum-based chemotherapy has for a long time represented the standard of care. This therapeutic scenario has recently changed, thanks to positive results in terms of improvement of overall survival obtained with a combination of checkpoint inhibitors (atezolizumab or durvalumab) with platinum-etoposide in patients with extensive disease. Moreover, nivolumab and pembrolizumab showed antitumor activity and received U.S. FDA approval as single agents in patients pretreated with platinum-based therapy and at least one other therapy. The improvement in the knowledge of the biology of SCLC has led to the development of new experimental therapies that have shown promising results, including poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, anti-Notch ligand Delta-like protein 3 (anti-DLL3), antibody–drug conjugates, and aurora kinase inhibitors. Future challenges are the identification of predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy, the definition of the role of new biological agents, and the improvement of integrated approached for limited disease. This Special Issue will highlight the current state of treatment of extensive SCLC, focusing on the biology of SCLC, immune-checkpoint inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, and novel cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy techniques.

immune checkpoint inhibitors --- extensive-stage small cell lung cancer --- nivolumab --- ipilimumab --- pembrolizumab --- atezolizumab --- durvalumab --- chemotherapy --- small-cell lung cancer --- lobectomy --- pneumonectomy --- radiotherapy --- multimodal treatment --- immunotherapy --- SCLC --- PARP --- DDR --- ICB --- synthetic lethality --- SLFN11 --- STING --- pathology and classification of SCLC --- biology of SCLC --- immune-checkpoint inhibitors in SCLC --- small cell lung cancer --- Immunotherapy --- extensive disease --- lurbinectedin --- gene pathway --- pathobiology --- targeted therapy --- circulating tumor cells --- prognostic biomarker --- targeted agents --- n/a

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Major technological advances in genomics have made it possible to identify critical genetic alterations in cancer, rendering oncology well along the path to “personalised cancer medicine”. Thanks to developments in genetics, several mutations and gene rearrangements have been identified in patients with endocrine cancers (e.g., thyroid and adrenocortical carcinoma). In particular, each patient can be considered as a unique, individual one, with unique genetic information. The aim of this Special Issue is to offer an overview of exciting new research in the area of endocrine tumours may set the stage for an innovative personalised management and precision medicine modalities for individualised care.New affordable individual genomic analyses, as well as the opportunity to test new compounds in primary cells may allow a personalised management of patients with endocrine malignancies. This approach may improve the prediction of clinical outcome and therapeutic effectiveness, as well as help to avoid the use of ineffective drugs. However, further efforts are needed to obtain an adjustment of clinical management in patients with endocrine cancers that would rely solely or in great part on genetic information. This Special Issue includes basic, translational, and clinical papers on personalised medicine in endocrine malignancies (i.e., thyroid and adrenal), especially focusing on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as novel drug targets or targeted treatments, including eventual clinical trials.

Medicine --- papillary thyroid cancer --- SUV PET/CT --- BRAF V600E --- immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) --- ipilimumab --- nivolumab --- prolactinoma --- Cushing’s disease --- aggressive pituitary tumor --- aggressive PitNET --- aggressive pituitary adenoma --- pituitary carcinoma --- adrenocortical cancer --- adrenal adenomas --- adrenal tumors --- p53 --- p27 --- ki-67 --- reticulin --- mitotane --- adjuvant treatment --- recurrence --- recurrence free survival --- timing --- intratumoral heterogeneity --- thyroid tumor --- BRAF --- RET/PTC rearrangements --- RAS mutation --- adrenal cortex --- carcinoma --- angiogenesis --- gene expression --- osteopontin --- hyaluronan synthase 1 --- multikinase inhibitors --- sorafenib --- lenvatinib --- differentiated thyroid cancer --- radioiodine resistance --- predictive marker --- predictors --- response to treatment --- survival --- information needs and preferences --- focus group interview --- personalized medicine --- neuroendocrine tumours --- phaeochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- molecular clusters --- n/a --- Cushing's disease

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Major technological advances in genomics have made it possible to identify critical genetic alterations in cancer, rendering oncology well along the path to “personalised cancer medicine”. Thanks to developments in genetics, several mutations and gene rearrangements have been identified in patients with endocrine cancers (e.g., thyroid and adrenocortical carcinoma). In particular, each patient can be considered as a unique, individual one, with unique genetic information. The aim of this Special Issue is to offer an overview of exciting new research in the area of endocrine tumours may set the stage for an innovative personalised management and precision medicine modalities for individualised care.New affordable individual genomic analyses, as well as the opportunity to test new compounds in primary cells may allow a personalised management of patients with endocrine malignancies. This approach may improve the prediction of clinical outcome and therapeutic effectiveness, as well as help to avoid the use of ineffective drugs. However, further efforts are needed to obtain an adjustment of clinical management in patients with endocrine cancers that would rely solely or in great part on genetic information. This Special Issue includes basic, translational, and clinical papers on personalised medicine in endocrine malignancies (i.e., thyroid and adrenal), especially focusing on diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as novel drug targets or targeted treatments, including eventual clinical trials.

Medicine --- papillary thyroid cancer --- SUV PET/CT --- BRAF V600E --- immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) --- ipilimumab --- nivolumab --- prolactinoma --- Cushing's disease --- aggressive pituitary tumor --- aggressive PitNET --- aggressive pituitary adenoma --- pituitary carcinoma --- adrenocortical cancer --- adrenal adenomas --- adrenal tumors --- p53 --- p27 --- ki-67 --- reticulin --- mitotane --- adjuvant treatment --- recurrence --- recurrence free survival --- timing --- intratumoral heterogeneity --- thyroid tumor --- BRAF --- RET/PTC rearrangements --- RAS mutation --- adrenal cortex --- carcinoma --- angiogenesis --- gene expression --- osteopontin --- hyaluronan synthase 1 --- multikinase inhibitors --- sorafenib --- lenvatinib --- differentiated thyroid cancer --- radioiodine resistance --- predictive marker --- predictors --- response to treatment --- survival --- information needs and preferences --- focus group interview --- personalized medicine --- neuroendocrine tumours --- phaeochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- molecular clusters

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The book presents several studies reporting advances on melanoma pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. It represents a milestone on the state of the art, updated at 2021, and also presents the current knowledge on the future developments in melanoma field.

Medicine --- melanoma --- invasion --- WNT5A --- MARCKS --- phosphorylation --- MANS peptide --- nanoparticles --- cell therapy --- tumor microenvironment --- sex/gender --- sex-hormones --- immunity --- microRNAs --- immunotherapy --- BRAF-mutant melanoma --- BRAF inhibitor --- mechanism of action --- targeted therapy --- tumour microenvironment --- plasmacytoid dendritic cells --- lactate dehydrogenase --- TLR --- interferon --- CXCL10 --- TPC2 --- HIPPO --- SOCE --- metastasis --- essential oils --- angiogenesis --- apoptosis --- uveal melanoma (UM) --- metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM) --- prognostication --- adjuvant therapy --- metastatic therapy --- metastatic dormancy --- liver-directed-therapies --- targeted-therapy --- combined therapy --- protein tyrosine phosphatase --- PTPs inhibitors --- melanoma immune infiltrate --- BRAF inhibitors --- microenvironment --- resistance --- therapy --- therapeutic resistance --- exosomes --- extracellular vesicles --- diagnosis --- prognosis --- ctDNA --- liquid biopsy --- prediction --- patient stratification --- BRAF --- arthralgia --- rheumatoid arthritis --- carbonic anhydrase --- hedgehog --- cyclopamine --- small molecules --- acetazolamide --- motility --- metalloproteinases --- FAK --- cancer --- mucosal melanoma --- nivolumab --- pembrolizumab --- ipilimumab --- radiotherapy --- cholinergic system --- acetylcholine --- muscarinic receptors --- nicotinic receptors --- melanoma metastasis --- ShcD adaptor protein --- amoeboid motility --- Rac1 --- DOCK4 --- melanoma PDX --- target therapy --- cancer stem cells --- slow cycling phenotype --- drug resistance --- OXPHOS --- lipid metabolism --- cancer associated fibroblast --- melanomagenesis --- biomarkers --- checkpoint inhibitor --- PD-1 --- melanoma markers --- cytokines --- machine learning --- Support Vector Machine --- principal component analysis --- BCL2L10 --- STAT3 --- cytotoxicity --- survival --- ABT-737 --- Bcl-2 family --- ML258 --- HuR --- MITF --- metastases --- siRNA