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Life presumably arose in the primeval oceans with similar or even greater salinity than the present ocean, so the ancient cells were designed to withstand salinity. However, the immediate ancestors of land plants most likely lived in fresh, or slightly brackish, water. The fresh/brackish water origins might explain why many land plants, including some cereals, can withstand moderate salinity, but only 1 – 2 % of all the higher plant species were able to re-discover their saline origins again and survive at increased salinities close to that of seawater. From a practical side, salinity is among the major threats to agriculture, having been one of the reasons for the demise of the ancient Mesopotamian Sumer civilisation and in the present time causing huge annual economic losses of over 10 billion USD. The effects of salinity on plants include osmotic stress, disruption of membrane ion transport, direct toxicity of high cytoplasmic concentrations of sodium and chloride on cellular processes and induced oxidative stress. Ion transport is the crucial starting point that determines salinity tolerance in plants. Transport via membranes is mediated mostly by the ion channels and transporters, which ensure selective passage of specific ions. The molecular and structural diversity of these ion channels and transporters is amazing. Obtaining the detailed descriptions of distinct ion channels and transporters present in halophytes, marine algae and salt-tolerant fungi and then progressing to the cellular and the whole organism mechanisms, is one of the logical ways to understand high salinity tolerance. Transfer of the genes from halophytes to agricultural crops is a means to increase salt tolerance of the crops. The theoretical scientific approaches involve protein chemistry, structure-function relations of membrane proteins, synthetic biology, systems biology and physiology of stress and ion homeostasis. At the time of compiling this e-book many aspects of ion transport under salinity stress are not yet well understood. The e-book has attracted researchers in ion transport and salinity tolerance. We have combined our efforts to achieve a wider, more detailed understanding of salt tolerance in plants mediated by ion transport, to understand present and future ways to modify and manipulate ion transport and salinity tolerance and also to find natural limits for the modifications.

systems biology --- synthetic biology --- halotropism --- salinity tolerance --- halophytes --- salt glands --- ion transporters --- ion channels

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Life presumably arose in the primeval oceans with similar or even greater salinity than the present ocean, so the ancient cells were designed to withstand salinity. However, the immediate ancestors of land plants most likely lived in fresh, or slightly brackish, water. The fresh/brackish water origins might explain why many land plants, including some cereals, can withstand moderate salinity, but only 1 – 2 % of all the higher plant species were able to re-discover their saline origins again and survive at increased salinities close to that of seawater. From a practical side, salinity is among the major threats to agriculture, having been one of the reasons for the demise of the ancient Mesopotamian Sumer civilisation and in the present time causing huge annual economic losses of over 10 billion USD. The effects of salinity on plants include osmotic stress, disruption of membrane ion transport, direct toxicity of high cytoplasmic concentrations of sodium and chloride on cellular processes and induced oxidative stress. Ion transport is the crucial starting point that determines salinity tolerance in plants. Transport via membranes is mediated mostly by the ion channels and transporters, which ensure selective passage of specific ions. The molecular and structural diversity of these ion channels and transporters is amazing. Obtaining the detailed descriptions of distinct ion channels and transporters present in halophytes, marine algae and salt-tolerant fungi and then progressing to the cellular and the whole organism mechanisms, is one of the logical ways to understand high salinity tolerance. Transfer of the genes from halophytes to agricultural crops is a means to increase salt tolerance of the crops. The theoretical scientific approaches involve protein chemistry, structure-function relations of membrane proteins, synthetic biology, systems biology and physiology of stress and ion homeostasis. At the time of compiling this e-book many aspects of ion transport under salinity stress are not yet well understood. The e-book has attracted researchers in ion transport and salinity tolerance. We have combined our efforts to achieve a wider, more detailed understanding of salt tolerance in plants mediated by ion transport, to understand present and future ways to modify and manipulate ion transport and salinity tolerance and also to find natural limits for the modifications.

systems biology --- synthetic biology --- halotropism --- salinity tolerance --- halophytes --- salt glands --- ion transporters --- ion channels

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This book was established after closing the special issue “Water and Ion Transport in Plants: New and Older Trends Meet Together” edited by Dr. Vadim Volkov, Professor Lars Wegner and Dr Mary Beilby as Guest Editors and Mr. Everett Zhu as Manager Editor. This book represents a small collection of bright papers related to water and ion transport in plants; these exceptionally wide topic cannot be covered within a single Book, so the aim was to recall the main concepts established for water and ion transport, to introduce new ideas, including controversial ones, and to link these ideas for generating directions of potential future research and progress. The goal was reached pointing to the main traditionally studied ion transport systems: ion channels, ion transporters, sodium and proton ATPases and macroscopic effects of their activity. Water transport in roots was shown in full complexity with its links to ion transport systems and aquaporins. Nonconventional use of silicon particles as addition to fertilizers is a subject of a paper within the collection. We hope that the Book will be a good reading with excellent examples of modern research; we are also assured that the Book will stimulate the future interest in water and ion transport in plants.

vacuole --- potassium --- homeostasis --- NHX --- auxin distribution --- PIN --- intracellular trafficking --- root pressure --- exudation --- xylem embolism --- mechanosensitive ion channels --- ion transporters --- aquaporins --- water transport --- silicon fertiliser --- wheat --- osmotic stress --- drought stress --- landraces --- genotypic variation --- Dunaliella --- cloning --- expression --- H+-ATPase --- microalgae --- Na+-ATPase --- qRT-PCR --- salt shock --- salt tolerance --- Suaeda altissima --- anion transporters --- chloride channel family --- CLC family --- halophytes --- molecular cloning --- SaCLCd --- SaCLCf --- SaCLCg

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• Reference Manager
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This book was established after closing the special issue “Water and Ion Transport in Plants: New and Older Trends Meet Together” edited by Dr. Vadim Volkov, Professor Lars Wegner and Dr Mary Beilby as Guest Editors and Mr. Everett Zhu as Manager Editor. This book represents a small collection of bright papers related to water and ion transport in plants; these exceptionally wide topic cannot be covered within a single Book, so the aim was to recall the main concepts established for water and ion transport, to introduce new ideas, including controversial ones, and to link these ideas for generating directions of potential future research and progress. The goal was reached pointing to the main traditionally studied ion transport systems: ion channels, ion transporters, sodium and proton ATPases and macroscopic effects of their activity. Water transport in roots was shown in full complexity with its links to ion transport systems and aquaporins. Nonconventional use of silicon particles as addition to fertilizers is a subject of a paper within the collection. We hope that the Book will be a good reading with excellent examples of modern research; we are also assured that the Book will stimulate the future interest in water and ion transport in plants.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- vacuole --- potassium --- homeostasis --- NHX --- auxin distribution --- PIN --- intracellular trafficking --- root pressure --- exudation --- xylem embolism --- mechanosensitive ion channels --- ion transporters --- aquaporins --- water transport --- silicon fertiliser --- wheat --- osmotic stress --- drought stress --- landraces --- genotypic variation --- Dunaliella --- cloning --- expression --- H+-ATPase --- microalgae --- Na+-ATPase --- qRT-PCR --- salt shock --- salt tolerance --- Suaeda altissima --- anion transporters --- chloride channel family --- CLC family --- halophytes --- molecular cloning --- SaCLCd --- SaCLCf --- SaCLCg