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A number of recent studies have empirically documented links between characteristics of World Bank projects and their ultimate outcomes as evaluated by the World Bank's Independent Evaluation Group. This paper explores the in-sample and out-of-sample predictive performance of empirical models relating project outcomes to project characteristics observed early in the life of a project. Such models perform better than self-assessments of project performance provided by World Bank staff during the implementation of the project. These findings are applied to the problem of predicting eventual Independent Evaluation Group ratings for currently active projects in the World Bank's portfolio.

Banks and Banking Reform --- Communities & Human Settlements --- Development Economics & Aid Effectiveness --- Development Objective --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Housing & Human Habitats --- IEG --- Independent Evaluation Group --- Investment Project Financing --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Monitoring & Analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Predictive Performance --- Project Outcome Ratings --- Rural Development --- Rural Portfolio Improvement

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The Life cycle cost (LCC) method makes it possible for the whole life performance of buildings and other structures to be optimized. The introduction of the idea of thinking in terms of a building life cycle resulted in the need to use appropriate tools and techniques for assessing and analyzing costs throughout the life cycle of the building. Traditionally, estimates of LCC have been calculated based on historical analysis of data and have used deterministic models. The concepts of probability theory can also be applied to life cycle costing, treating the costs and timings as a stochastic process. If any subjectivity is introduced into the estimates, then the uncertainty cannot be handled using the probability theory alone. The theory of fuzzy sets is a valuable tool for handling such uncertainties. In this Special Issue, a collection of 11 contributions provide an updated overview of the approaches for estimating the life cycle cost of buildings.

Technology: general issues --- dynamic analysis --- steel frames --- Tuned Mass Damper --- optimization --- drift ratio --- sustainable construction industry --- lifecycles --- European Union Member States --- complex evaluation --- multiple criteria analysis --- COPRAS and INVAR methods --- success and image of a country --- marketing --- residential buildings --- defects --- intensity --- reliability --- technical wear --- railway infrastructure --- occurrences --- socioeconomic impact --- economic evaluation --- CBA --- life cycle --- investment project --- probability distribution --- sensitivity analyses --- risk assessment --- tenement houses --- damage --- maintenance --- fuzzy sets --- Bayes conditional probability --- substitution --- operation and maintenance phase --- cause–effect relationships --- historical buildings --- implementation factors --- information and communication technology --- life cycle costs --- buildings --- bidding decision --- LCC criterion --- price criterion --- construction --- statistical method --- classification --- probability of winning --- risk identification --- MCDM --- critical risk factors --- commercial and recreational complex building projects

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Optimization is considered as a decision-making process for getting the most out of available resources for the best attainable results. Many real-world problems are multi-objective or multi-attribute problems that naturally involve several competing objectives that need to be optimized simultaneously, while respecting some constraints or involving selection among feasible discrete alternatives. In this Reprint of the Special Issue, 19 research papers co-authored by 88 researchers from 14 different countries explore aspects of multi-objective or multi-attribute modeling and optimization in crisp or uncertain environments by suggesting multiple-attribute decision-making (MADM) and multi-objective decision-making (MODM) approaches. The papers elaborate upon the approaches of state-of-the-art case studies in selected areas of applications related to sustainable development decision aiding in engineering and management, including construction, transportation, infrastructure development, production, and organization management.

artificial neural network --- sustainability hierarchy --- expert --- Rough Hamy aggregator --- sustainable solution --- crank–slider --- technology selection problem --- AHP --- bus pass --- optimization --- discrete time/cost trade-off --- Rough WASPAS --- hybrid multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) --- travel times --- extended Tomada de Decisão Interativa Multicritério (TODIM) --- bi-level programming --- multi-objective evolutionary algorithms --- project scheduling --- WASPAS --- port scheduling --- rehydration --- sustainable transport policy --- gold mines --- hybrid mathematical model --- sustainable developments --- straw bales --- group decision making --- contractor --- Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM) --- MULTIMOORA --- building investment project --- heuristics --- cleaner production (CP) --- particle swarm optimization (PSO) --- optimization study --- critical information infrastructures --- bi-objective optimization --- dynamic analysis --- location-allocation problem --- probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs) --- drying --- multiple objective optimization --- multi-objective decision-making (MODM) --- ranking --- hierarchical SWARA --- choice --- linguistic hesitant fuzzy set and Standard variance --- multiple-attribute decision-making (MADM) --- project --- sustainable energy evaluation --- emission of pollutants --- genetic algorithm --- ARAS-G --- multi-purpose system --- renewable energy --- assessment --- hospital evaluation --- bat algorithm --- multiple-criteria decision-making --- comfort of use of buildings --- energy efficiency --- healthcare facility --- conceptual framework --- hybrid expert system --- engineering --- sustainability --- verbal analysis --- sustainable energy developments --- sustainable development --- hybrid --- public transport --- water resource management --- compacted clay --- multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) --- MCDM --- particle swarm optimization algorithm --- sustainable traffic --- single-cylinder engine --- Rough BWM --- policy measures --- apple --- clay blocks --- historic buildings --- hesitant fuzzy set --- construction --- TOPSIS-GM --- roundabout --- fuzzy --- sustainable transport --- surface transport --- grey --- Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) --- WSM --- ecological building --- management --- Geomean --- SWARA --- vibration suppression --- organizations --- innovation in transport --- risk --- berth-quay crane joint scheduling --- cost calculation --- multiple criteria decision aid

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This book collects research activities focused on the development of new processes to replace obsolete practices that are often highly invasive, unsustainable, and socially unacceptable.Taking inspiration from real problems and the need to face real cases of contamination or prevent potentially harmful situations, the development and optimization of ‘smart’ solutions, i.e., sustainable not only from an environmental point of view but also economically, are discussed in order to encourage, as much as possible, their actual implementation.

water resources --- virtual water trade --- input-output method --- Gansu province --- ecological consumption --- influencing factors --- panel regressions --- ecological footprint --- innovative envelope --- building components --- green roofs --- indoor comfort --- energy consumption --- building modelling --- simulation models --- chitosan --- chromium --- heavy metals --- adsorption --- kinetics --- low-cost adsorbent --- tannery --- ion exchange --- nanobubbles --- contaminated soil --- electrokinetic --- in situ --- remediation --- Spinacia oleracea microbiota --- electrochemically activated solution --- peroxyacetic acid --- sanitization --- 16s rRNA pyrosequencing --- amplicon sequence variants --- alpha diversity --- bacterial community composition --- sedimentation --- drag --- fractal aggregates --- shear-thinning --- non-Newtonian fluids --- suspensions --- numerical simulations --- environmental impact --- waste management --- industrial production --- investment project --- risk evaluation --- multicriterial approach --- production planning --- carbon regulation --- reconditioning --- green logistics --- optimization --- drinking water treatment plant --- advection–diffusion–reaction --- chlorine dosage --- simulator validation --- industrial application --- biodegradation --- dehalogenase-producing bacteria --- haloalkanoic acids --- trichloroacetic acid --- 16S rRNA --- Lysinibacillus --- building energy efficiency --- European environmental brands --- tourism sector --- agritourism --- nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) --- submerged marine debris --- economic valuation --- contingent valuation --- economic benefit --- willingness to pay --- proecological behavior --- circular economy --- environmental management --- survey --- nonparametric methods --- serpentinite --- magnesium oxide --- calcination --- particle size distribution --- specific surface area --- magnesium potassium phosphate matrix --- radioactive waste --- immobilization --- hydrolytic stability --- strength --- pH-neutral electrochemically activated solution --- total bacterial count --- Salmonella Enteritidis --- egg cuticle integrity --- soil remediation --- soil contamination --- greenhouse --- phytoextraction --- mobilizing agents --- photosynthetic efficiency --- photovoltaics --- luminescent dyes --- energy savings --- sustainability --- cork–graphite electrode --- electrochemistry --- lead --- environmental application --- environmental pollution and remediation --- hazardous waste management --- soil and water reclamation --- nanomaterials --- sustainable processes

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Our path of economic development has generated a growing list of environmental problems including the disposal of nuclear waste, exhaustion of natural resources, loss of biodiversity, climate change, and polluted land, air, and water. All these environmental problems raise the crucial challenge of determining what we should and should not do for future generations. It is also central to other policy debates, including, for example, the appropriate level of public debt, investment in public infrastructure, investment in education, and the level of funding for pension benefits and for research and development. Today, the judge, the citizen, the politician, and the entrepreneur are concerned with the sustainability of our development. The objective of Pricing the Planet's Future is to provide a simple framework to organize the debate on what we should do for the future. A key element of analysis by economists is the discount rate--the minimum rate of return required from an investment project to make it desirable to implement. Christian Gollier outlines the basic theory of the discount rate and the various arguments that favor using a smaller discount rate for more distant cash flows. With principles that can be applied to many policy areas, Pricing the Planet's Future offers an ideal framework for dynamic problems and decision making.

Investments --- Discount. --- discount rate --- consumption --- econometrics --- economic indicator --- economic growth --- majandusnäitaja --- ekonominis rodiklis --- economische indicator --- indicatore economico --- táscaire eacnamaíoch --- indicador económico --- indicator economic --- економски показател --- икономически индикатор --- hospodársky ukazovateľ --- gospodarski kazalec --- ekonomikas rādītājs --- економски показатељ --- ekonomski pokazatelj --- hospodářský ukazatel --- gazdasági mutató --- οικονομικός δείκτης --- wskaźnik gospodarczy --- økonomisk indikator --- tregues ekonomik --- Wirtschaftsindikator --- indikatur ekonomiku --- ekonomisk indikator --- indicateur économique --- taloudellinen indikaattori --- ekonomický ukazatel --- економски индикатор --- indice economico --- ekonometrie --- економетрија --- econometría --- ökonomeetria --- econometrie --- økonometri --- οικονομετρία --- економетрия --- econometria --- économétrie --- ekonometri --- ekonometria --- ökonometria --- ekonometrija --- Ökonometrie --- економетричар --- tarbimine --- konsum --- κατανάλωση --- consommation --- потрошувачка --- ídiú --- forbrug --- consumo --- Verbrauch --- spotreba --- konsumtion --- konsumpcja --- kulutus --- patēriņš --- consum --- spotřeba --- vartojimas --- потрошња --- потребление --- verbruik --- potrošnja --- fogyasztás --- ídiú breosla --- sottoconsumo --- åtgång --- consumptie --- förbrukning --- normë e skontimit --- есконтна стопа --- diskontní sazba --- discontovoet --- taxa de desconto --- diskontná sadzba --- diskonttokorko --- taux d'escompte --- diskonto norma --- diskontna stopnja --- diskonto --- tasso di sconto --- diskontomäär --- дисконтна стапка --- leszámítolási kamatláb --- Diskontsatz --- stopa dyskontowa --- diskontosats --- tipo de descuento --- rată a scontului --- rata ta' skont --- diskonta likme --- eskontna stopa --- ráta lascaine --- сконтов лихвен процент --- προεξοφλητικό επιτόκιο --- Abzinsungssatz --- официјална дисконтна стапка --- laskentakorko --- есконтна каматна стопа --- saggio di sconto --- diskontna stopa --- tasso ufficiale di sconto --- normë e skontuar e interesit --- есконтна стапка --- diskonteringsrente --- Diskontzinssatz --- actualiseringspercentage --- stopa dyskonta --- základná úroková sadzba --- дисконтов лихвен процент --- diszkontráta --- diszkontláb --- normë skontimi --- rate of discount --- rată de actualizare --- taxa de atualização --- diskonteringsränta --- tasso di attualizzazione --- kalkulationsrente --- προεξοφλητικός τόκος --- discount interest rate --- eskontna obrestna mera --- disconteringsfactor --- tipo de actualización --- taux d'actualisation --- Wirtschaftswachstum --- ekonomisk tillväxt --- ūkio augimas --- gospodarska rast --- crescimento económico --- taloudellinen kasvu --- wzrost gospodarczy --- hospodářský růst --- majanduskasv --- croissance économique --- tkabbir ekonomiku --- rritje ekonomike --- economische groei --- creștere economică --- crescita economica --- икономически растеж --- привредни раст --- fás eacnamaíoch --- hospodársky rast --- crecimiento económico --- ekonomski rast --- økonomisk vækst --- економски раст --- ekonomikas pieaugums --- οικονομική μεγέθυνση --- gazdasági növekedés --- vækstrate --- zero growth --- miera rastu --- expansiune economică --- prieaugis --- pieauguma temps --- creștere zero --- nulový rast --- boom economico --- нулти раст --- crecimiento cero --- espansione economica --- talouden laajentuminen --- növekedés üteme --- nullkasv --- nulvækst --- kasvuvauhti --- ekonomisk expansion --- οικονομική επέκταση --- nulgroei --- nollakasvu --- nulti rast --- Nullwachstum --- ritmo de crecimiento --- növekedés mértéke --- μηδενική μεγέθυνση --- hospodársky vzostup --- tillväxttakt --- ρυθμός οικονομικής μεγέθυνσης --- kasvumäär --- nulles pieaugums --- míra hospodářského růstu --- nolltillväxt --- taxa de crescimento --- ekonomický růst --- nulinis augimas --- growth rate --- crescita zero --- gospodarski rast --- економска експанзија --- expansão económica --- stopa rasta --- økonomisk ekspansion --- rată de creștere economică --- croissance zéro --- majanduse laienemine --- expansion économique --- tasa de crecimiento --- zgjerim ekonomik --- economische expansie --- ekonomická expanze --- rritje zero --- augimo norma --- taux de croissance --- economic expansion --- nulový růst --- crescimento zero --- Wachstumsrate --- οικονομική αύξηση --- Wirtschaftsexpansion --- tasso di crescita --- zéró növekedés --- стапка на раст --- Investing --- Investment management --- Portfolio --- Finance --- Disinvestment --- Loans --- Saving and investment --- Speculation --- Bank discount --- Discount rate --- Social aspects. --- Discount --- Social aspects --- E-books --- tomhaltas --- eacnaiméadracht --- CBA. --- Markov switches. --- NPV. --- Poisson two-armed bandit. --- Ramsey rule. --- Weitzman argument. --- actual behaviors. --- adaptations. --- alternative decision criteria. --- backward induction. --- biodiversity. --- canonical models. --- capital. --- classical discounting approach. --- climate change. --- competitive economy. --- concordance. --- consumption. --- cost-benefit analysis. --- development sustainability. --- discount rate. --- discounted expected utility. --- ecological discount rate. --- ecological environments. --- economic depressions. --- economic development. --- economic growth rates. --- economic growth. --- economic reversions. --- economics. --- efficient discount rates. --- environmental assets. --- environmental policies. --- environmental quality. --- environmental risks. --- extreme events. --- fat tails. --- future environmental damages. --- future planning. --- inequalities. --- inequality aversion. --- interest rate. --- intergenerational habit formation. --- intergenerational welfare. --- intertemporal inequalities. --- investment opportunities. --- investment project selection. --- liquidity. --- long-term credit contracts. --- long-term growth. --- long-term risk. --- macroeconomic effects. --- maxmin ambiguity aversion. --- mean-reversion. --- natural resource exhaustion. --- net benefit. --- net future value. --- net present value. --- net present values. --- new investment opportunities. --- non-marginal projects. --- non-monetary benefits. --- nuclear waste disposal. --- option value. --- parametric uncertainty. --- pollution. --- positive discount rate. --- possible investments. --- precautionary effect. --- project valuation. --- public debt. --- public infrastructure. --- public policies. --- radical economic transformations. --- random walk. --- recursive expected utility. --- risk aversion. --- risk management. --- risk preferences. --- risk premium. --- risk. --- risky assets. --- risky projects. --- safe investment projects. --- safe investment. --- safe projects. --- saving. --- smooth ambiguity aversion. --- social welfare. --- stochastic dominance approach. --- substitution. --- term structure. --- theory of investment. --- two-period model. --- uncertain cash flows. --- uncertain economic growth. --- uncertain projects. --- uncertainty. --- unequal society. --- utility function. --- wealth inequalities.