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This research analyzes mechanisms fostering states’ compliance to international treaties. It argues that a treaty accountability network surrounds states when they commit to an international covenant and that actors belonging to the network have leverage on states to hold them accountable. This study is particularly interested in the role NGOs and IOs play as actors within this network. It identifies two main ways for holding states accountable: direct and indirect. Indirect accountability is conceptualized as mechanisms where aid recipients are empowered by organizations and will henceforth hold their states accountable. This research provides a small-N case-study on the UNCRC, maps the treaty accountability network surrounding it, identifies accountability mechanisms developed by one OI (UNICEF) and one NGO (Terre des Hommes Suisse) and examines pathways used by one state (Switzerland). We extend our heartfelt thanks to the Vahabzadeh Foundation for financially supporting the publication of best works by young researchers of the Graduate Institute, giving a priority to those who have been awarded academic prizes for their master’s dissertations.

International Relations --- Political Science --- human rights --- non-state actors and civil society --- governance --- humanitarian action --- international law --- foreign relations --- international treaties --- United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) --- international refugee protection --- migration and refugees --- International relations

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Law --- Law. --- BRIC countries. --- General and Others --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Big Four countries --- BRICS countries --- law --- BRICS --- BRICS countries --- international treaties --- national legislation --- jurisprudence --- Jurisprudence --- Legislation --- Regions --- Law, General & Comparative --- brics --- brics countries --- Dret. --- Països emergents.

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No systematic study has examined the effect of post-conflict justice on the duration of peace on a global basis. This paper attempts to fill that void by building on a newly constructed dataset (Binningsbo, Elster, and Gates 2005), which reports the presence of various forms of post-conflict justice efforts (trials, purges, reparation to victims, and truth commissions) as well as processes associated with abstaining from post-conflict justice (amnesty and exile). It investigates the long-term effects of post-conflict justice on the duration of peace after conflict. It uses a Cox proportional hazard model to analyze the influence of the various types of post-conflict justice on the length of the peace period before the recurrence of violent conflict. Post-conflict trials as well as other types of justice do lead to a more durable peace in democratic as well as non-democratic societies, but the results are weak and are therefore difficult to generalize. Forms of non-retributive justice (that is, reparations to victims and truth commissions), however, are strongly associated with the duration of peace in democratic societies, but are not significant for non-democratic societies. Amnesty tends to be destabilizing and generally associated with shorter peace duration, but exile tends to lead to a more durable peace.

Atrocities --- Civil War --- Civil Wars --- Compromise --- Conflict --- Conflict and Development --- Corruption and Anticorruption Law --- Deterrence --- Fighting --- Human Rights --- International Community --- International Law --- International Treaties --- Massacres --- Peace --- Peace and Peacekeeping --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Post Conflict Reintegration --- Rebels --- Reconciliation --- Social Conflict and Violence --- Social Development --- University --- Victims --- Violence --- Violent Conflict --- Weapons

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Little evidence is available on whether changing global rules so as to promote human rights can enhance development outcomes. The Convention on the Rights of the Child was almost universally ratified by the mid-1990s, but it is unclear whether treaty ratification was associated with better or wider protection of children's rights. This paper uses an instrumental variable approach to investigate whether treaty ratification was associated with stronger effort at the country level on child survival, and particularly with higher rates of immunization coverage. The paper finds that ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child was correlated with a subsequent increase in immunization rates, but only in upper middle and high-income countries. Treaties can promote development outcomes, but require institutional support to do so.

Child survival --- Children and Youth --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Development assistance --- Development policy --- Economic growth --- Economic rights --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human development --- Human Rights --- Human rights --- Immunization --- International human rights --- International treaties --- Labor Policies --- Law and Development --- Policy --- Policy formulation --- Policy research --- Policy research working paper --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Protection of children --- Public services --- Service delivery --- Social Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Treaty --- Treaty Law

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This work, the result of initiatives that brings together several universities and specialists in the country, appears when a century has passed since the emergence of the history of international relations as a historical sub-discipline. For this reason, it has seemed relevant to us to signify this commemoration by addressing a theme that has its roots in the field of studies mentioned. Indeed, much has been written about the 1904 Treaty, both in Chile and Bolivia, hence we already see a series of recent studies that have clarified this process. For this reason, this book does not deal with the agreement itself, but with its relevance as a milestone in a decisive change in Chile's trajectory as the winner of the War of the Pacific, until 1929.

South America --- Chile --- Foreign relations --- An t-Sile --- An tSile --- Chih-li --- Chili --- Chili Mastor --- Chili Respublikasʹ --- Ch'ille --- Çhillee --- Chilmudin Orn --- Chilska --- Chilská republika --- Chiri --- Chyli --- Ciile --- Cîl --- Cile --- Çili Respublikası --- Ĉilia Respubliko --- Ĉilio --- Dēmokratia tēs Chilēs --- Gweriniaeth Tsile --- iChile --- ITshile --- Kili --- Lepupalika ʻo Chile --- Lýðveldið Kili --- Lýðveldið Síle --- Ndenndaandi Ciile --- Pobblaght ny Shillee --- Poblachd na Sile --- Repubblica del Cile --- Republic of Chile --- República de Chile --- República de Xile --- Republik Chile --- Republik Chili --- Republika Chilska --- Republika Čile --- Republiḳah shel Tsilah --- Republikken Chile --- République du Chili --- Repúbrica de Chili --- Rėspublika Chyli --- Shillee --- Síle --- Sily --- t-Sile --- Tilì --- Tšiili --- Tšiili Vabariik --- Tsilah --- Tsile --- Ts'ileh --- Txile --- Txileko Errepublika --- Xile --- Yn Çhillee --- Χιλή --- Δημοκρατία της Χιλής --- Рэспубліка Чылі --- Чылі --- Чилмудин Орн --- Чили --- Чили Республикась --- Чили Мастор --- צ'ילה --- רפובליקה של צ'ילה --- チリ --- History of the Americas --- Relations --- History --- War of the Pacific --- International Treaties