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International conflicts. --- International law --- Law of war.  --- History. 

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How do we define resilience in the context of security? How do we build resilience? What is disinformation and how is it being used by Russia in Eastern Europe? Is it a new phenomenon or a continuation of an old one with roots in the sovietization process? Are the education policies regarding democracy helping to build resilience? Are the research programmes of the EU targeting the right key areas for increasing resilience? These are the main inquiries that the book addresses. While looking in the past and linking it to the present, the research covers the synergies between security, resilience, disinformation, education and research, and offers solutions for building resilience and combating disinformation through education.

Disinformation --- Désinformation --- European security. --- Disinformation. --- Wars. --- International conflicts. --- Propaganda. --- Desinformation --- Information warfare --- Hybridkrieg --- Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg --- History --- Histoire --- Since 2000 --- Ukraine. --- Ukraine --- Europa --- Security, International --- International cooperation --- Propaganda --- European Union countries --- Foreign relations

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The island of Cyprus has been the scene of one of the most tragic conflicts in post-war Europe. A country with a long and rich tradition and much to contribute to all of the cultures of the Mediterranean, Cyprus has been torn apart almost since the day of its independence. Since 197, more than a third of the island has been occupied by Turkey. Attempts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict has come and gone but the status quo, branded as unacceptable by the United Nations, has remained. Why this is so has already been the subject of many studies. Few, however, have analysed in any detail the position of Cyprus in international law. Yet an understanding of how the rule of law in international society applies to Cyprus is essential to a proper understanding of the Cyprus question. In his new book, Dr Chrysostomides offers just such an analysis, examining with great care the constitutional history of the Republic of Cyprus, the legal principles applicable to the Turkish invasion of 10974 and subsequent occupation and the substantial body of case law and State practice regarding Cyprus since that date. He discusses the competing legal arguments concerning the application of the Republic of Cyprus to join the European Union, the controversial decisions of the European Court and commission of Human Rights, and the debates regarding the status of the occupied northern part of Cyprus. His conclusion is that the Republic of Cyprus has had a continuous existence as a State - and as the only State on the island of Cyprus - since 1960, notwithstanding all of the violations of international law to which it has been subjected. From the Foreword by Christopher Greenwood, QC.

Self-determination, National --- Constitutional history --- Droit des peuples a disposer d'eux-mêmes --- Histoire constitutionnelle --- Cyprus --- Chypre --- International status. --- Statut international --- Droit des peuples a disposer d'eux-mêmes --- Self-determination, National - Cyprus. --- Constitutional history - Cyprus. --- International conflicts --- International law --- Question of Cyprus

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I use a monthly panel of provincially-collected central government revenues and conflict fatalities to estimate government revenues lost due to conflict in Afghanistan since 2005. I identify causal effects by instrumenting for conflict using pre-sample ethno-linguistic share. Headline estimates are very large, implying total revenue losses since 2005 of $3bn, and future revenue gains from peace of about 6 percent of GDP per year. Reduced collection efficiency, rather than lower economic activity, appears to be the key channel. OLS estimates understate the causal effect by a factor of four. Comparing to estimates from Powell’s (2017) generalized synthetic control method suggests that this bias results from omitted variables and measurement error in equal share. The findings underscore the considerable economic loss due to conflict, and the importance of careful identification in measuring this loss.

Fiscal policy. --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Government policy --- Econometrics --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Fiscal Policy --- International Conflicts --- Negotiations --- Sanctions --- Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government --- Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law --- Estimation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Estimation techniques --- Price controls --- Revenue administration --- Public expenditure review --- Revenue sharing --- Econometric analysis --- Prices --- Expenditure --- Taxes --- Econometric models --- Revenue --- Expenditures, Public --- Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of

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This paper assesses how monetary policy outcomes affect fragility. Diving into the universe of the most prominent combinations of pursued monetary policy objectives across fragile settings, we examine the relationships between monetary policy outcomes and fragility and find the combination of reduction of inflation and lower unemployment to be the one that delivers the highest payoff in terms of promoting peace and cohesion. Setting aside challenges of monetary policy transmission, results from our analysis broadly confirm the above “winning” combination, with low inflation as a primary desired outcome and low unemployment rate as a secondary one. We also carry out a series of robustness tests, which confirm our findings. Overall, our results lend credence to the importance of paying attention—in the context of reducing fragility—to monetary policy outcomes.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Inflation --- Labor --- Foreign Exchange --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Monetary Policy --- International Conflicts --- Negotiations --- Sanctions --- Globalization: Economic Development --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Labour --- income economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Monetary economics --- Prices --- Unemployment rate --- Exchange rates --- Monetary policy frameworks --- Monetary policy --- Price stabilization --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Unemployment --- Government policy