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This book expands our understanding of a growing, yet largely unstudied phenomenon: the flow of children across borders through intercountry adoption. What explains the spread of intercountry adoption through the international system over time? McBride investigates the interconnected networks of states, individuals, and adoption agencies that have collaborated to develop the practice of intercountry adoption we see today. This book tells the story of how adoption agencies mediate between individuals and states in two ways: first by teaching states about intercountry adoption as a policy, and second by helping states implement intercountry adoption as a practice. McBride argues that this process of states learning about intercountry adoption from adoption agencies has facilitated the global development of the practice in the past seventy years.

Intercountry adoption --- International adoption --- Transnational adoption --- Adoption --- Interracial adoption --- History. --- Political aspects.

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Adoptive parents --- Single mothers --- Chinese American children --- Mothers and daughters --- Intercountry adoption --- Children, Chinese American --- Children --- International adoption --- Transnational adoption --- Adoption --- Interracial adoption --- Family relationships. --- McCabe, Nancy, --- Travel

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In the last fifty years, transnational adoption—specifically, the adoption of Asian children—has exploded in popularity as an alternative path to family making. Despite the cultural acceptance of this practice, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the factors that allowed Asian international adoption to flourish. In Global Families, Catherine Ceniza Choy unearths the little-known historical origins of Asian international adoption in the United States. Beginning with the post-World War II presence of the U.S. military in Asia, she reveals how mixed-race children born of Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese women and U.S. servicemen comprised one of the earliest groups of adoptive children. Based on extensive archival research, Global Families moves beyond one-dimensional portrayals of Asian international adoption as either a progressive form of U.S. multiculturalism or as an exploitative form of cultural and economic imperialism. Rather, Choy acknowledges the complexity of the phenomenon, illuminating both its radical possibilities of a world united across national, cultural, and racial divides through family formation and its strong potential for reinforcing the very racial and cultural hierarchies it sought to challenge.

Asian Americans. --- Adoption --- Adopted children --- Intercountry adoption --- Asian Americans --- Asians --- Ethnology --- Adopted infants --- Children, Adopted --- Children --- International adoption --- Transnational adoption --- Interracial adoption

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The first Korean adoptees were powerful symbols of American superiority in the Cold War; as Korean adoption continued, adoptees' visibility as Asians faded as they became a geopolitical success story-all-American children in loving white families. In Invisible Asians, Kim Park Nelson analyzes the processes by which Korean American adoptees' have been rendered racially invisible, and how that invisibility facilitates their treatment as exceptional subjects within the context of American race relations and in government policies. Invisible Asians draws on the life stories of more than sixty adult Korean adoptees in three locations: Minnesota, home to the largest concentration of Korean adoptees in the United States; the Pacific Northwest, where many of the first Korean adoptees were raised; and Seoul, home to hundreds of adult adoptees who have returned to South Korea to live and work. Their experiences underpin a critical examination of research and policy making about transnational adoption from the 1950s to the present day. Park Nelson connects the invisibility of Korean adoptees to the ambiguous racial positioning of Asian Americans in American culture, and explores the implications of invisibility for Korean adoptees as they navigate race, culture, and nationality. Raised in white families, they are ideal racial subjects in support of the trope of "colorblindness" as a "cure for racism" in America, and continue to enjoy the most privileged legal status in terms of immigration and naturalization of any immigrant group, built on regulations created specifically to facilitate the transfer of foreign children to American families. Invisible Asians offers an engaging account that makes an important contribution to our understanding of race in America, and illuminates issues of power and identity in a globalized world.

Cultural pluralism --- Intercountry adoption --- Adoptees --- Asian Americans --- Korean Americans --- Interracial adoption --- International adoption --- Transnational adoption --- Adoption --- Adopted persons --- Adult adoptees --- Ethnology --- Koreans --- Ethnic identity.

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In 1961, the U.S. government established the first formalised provisions for intercountry adoption just as it was expanding America's involvement with Vietnam. Adoption became an increasingly important portal of entry into American society for Vietnamese and Amerasian children, raising questions about the United States' obligations to refugees and the nature of the family during an era of heightened anxiety about U.S. global interventions. Whether adopting or favouring the migration of multiracial individuals, Americans believed their norms and material comforts would salve the wounds of a divisive war.

Vietnamese --- Amerasians. --- Adopted children --- Vietnam War, 1961-1975 --- Intercountry adoption --- International adoption --- Transnational adoption --- Adoption --- Interracial adoption --- Adopted infants --- Children, Adopted --- Children --- Amer-Asians --- Americans --- Asians --- Evacuation of civilians. --- Children.