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The present book covers the main challenges, important for future prospects of subsoils extraction as a public effective and profitable business, as well as technologically advanced industry. In the near future, the mining industry must overcome the problems of structural changes in raw materials demand and raise the productivity up to the level of high-tech industries to maintain the profits. This means the formation of a comprehensive and integral response to such challenges as the need for innovative modernization of mining equipment and an increase in its reliability, the widespread introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies in the activities of mining enterprises, the transition to "green mining" and the improvement of labor safety and avoidance of man-made accidents. The answer to these challenges is impossible without involving a wide range of scientific community in the publication of research results and exchange of views and ideas. To solve the problem, this book combines the works of researchers from the world's leading centers of mining science on the development of mining machines and mechanical systems, surface and underground geotechnology, mineral processing, digital systems in mining, mine ventilation and labor protection, and geo-ecology. A special place among them is given to post-mining technologies research.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- underground mining --- ventilation systems --- methane release hazard --- spontaneous combustion hazard --- safety --- copper ore comminution --- hydro-jet mill --- high-pressure water jet --- deep underground min --- IoT devices --- smartphone --- gas hazards --- Industry 4.0 in mining --- ball mills --- energy efficiency --- internal dynamics --- DEM model --- resonance oscillations --- measurements --- drilling rig --- process monitoring --- operational cycles --- sound measurement --- electric current acquisition --- threshold-based segmentation --- envelope spectrum --- safety function --- electro-hydraulic control system --- powered roof support --- textile conveyor belts --- multiply conveyor belts --- multiply belt splices --- laboratory splice tests --- fluid coupling --- ball mill --- electric motor --- drive system --- grinding --- energetic efficiency --- surface mining --- mining equipment --- multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) --- ELECTRE III --- thermal imaging --- belt conveyor --- diagnostics --- mechanical failure --- preventative maintenance --- well reamer --- rock mass --- intensification of production --- nonlinear law --- completion of wells --- innovative technology --- UAV --- acoustic signal processing --- Euclidean distance --- underground mine --- search and rescue --- drilling --- pipe --- drill bit --- manufacturing error --- material --- model --- elastic modulus --- computational fluid dynamics --- numerical model geometry --- laser scanning --- machine diagnostics --- LHD --- engine oil pressure data --- oil pump wear --- statistical analysis --- convergence functions --- numerical modeling --- high horizontal stress --- excavations stability assessment --- mobile laser scanning --- Velodyne LiDAR --- Riegl scanning system --- open pit mine --- underground laboratory --- new ways of mine reclamation --- sustainability --- circular economy --- radar interferometry --- subsidence trough --- automatic detection --- mathematical morphology --- underground mining --- ventilation systems --- methane release hazard --- spontaneous combustion hazard --- safety --- copper ore comminution --- hydro-jet mill --- high-pressure water jet --- deep underground min --- IoT devices --- smartphone --- gas hazards --- Industry 4.0 in mining --- ball mills --- energy efficiency --- internal dynamics --- DEM model --- resonance oscillations --- measurements --- drilling rig --- process monitoring --- operational cycles --- sound measurement --- electric current acquisition --- threshold-based segmentation --- envelope spectrum --- safety function --- electro-hydraulic control system --- powered roof support --- textile conveyor belts --- multiply conveyor belts --- multiply belt splices --- laboratory splice tests --- fluid coupling --- ball mill --- electric motor --- drive system --- grinding --- energetic efficiency --- surface mining --- mining equipment --- multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) --- ELECTRE III --- thermal imaging --- belt conveyor --- diagnostics --- mechanical failure --- preventative maintenance --- well reamer --- rock mass --- intensification of production --- nonlinear law --- completion of wells --- innovative technology --- UAV --- acoustic signal processing --- Euclidean distance --- underground mine --- search and rescue --- drilling --- pipe --- drill bit --- manufacturing error --- material --- model --- elastic modulus --- computational fluid dynamics --- numerical model geometry --- laser scanning --- machine diagnostics --- LHD --- engine oil pressure data --- oil pump wear --- statistical analysis --- convergence functions --- numerical modeling --- high horizontal stress --- excavations stability assessment --- mobile laser scanning --- Velodyne LiDAR --- Riegl scanning system --- open pit mine --- underground laboratory --- new ways of mine reclamation --- sustainability --- circular economy --- radar interferometry --- subsidence trough --- automatic detection --- mathematical morphology

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This book is a compilation of works covering applied mathematical methods and their applications in complex engineering problems. The methods covered in this book include modeling and simulation, computation, analysis, control, optimization, data science, and machine learning. The engineering application topics include but are not limited to environmental engineering, cybersecurity, transportation, agriculture, smart grid, and next-generation manufacturing.

History of engineering & technology --- Phoronomics --- mechanics --- kinetics --- kinematics --- direction cosines --- Euler angles --- space dynamics --- digital computation --- control systems --- control engineering --- industrial cyber-physical systems --- cyber-attacks --- neural network --- model predictive control --- nonlinear chemical processes --- network classification --- network evolution --- network symmetries --- Green’s symmetry problem --- network invariants --- network internal dynamics --- symmetry ensembles --- propensities --- energy --- opening capability --- security --- smart grid --- group signature --- anonymous signature --- autonomous vehicle --- target detection --- multi-sensors --- fusion --- YOLO --- linear response eigenvalue problem --- block methods --- weighted Golub-Kahan-Lanczos algorithm --- convergence analysis --- thick restart --- mining vibrating screen --- theoretical rigid body model --- spring failures diagnosis --- amplitudes change --- real-time optimization --- nonlinear processes --- process control --- chemical reactor control --- distillation column control --- energy-based control --- payload swing attenuation --- linear matrix inequalities --- quadrotor --- larger Lipschitz constants --- comparative advantage --- transaction cost --- specialized production --- infra-marginal model --- agricultural division of labor --- velocity-slip --- temperature-jump --- homotopy analysis method --- nanofluids --- power-law fluids --- state estimation --- parameter estimation --- moving horizon estimation --- extended kalman filter --- ensemble kalman filter --- richards equation --- agro-hydrological systems --- economic model predictive control --- chemical processes --- responsive control --- artificial intelligence --- interpretability --- controller verification --- seashore soft soil --- cement --- sulfuric acid erosion --- stress–strain behavior --- mathematical model --- Micro Grid --- optimization theory --- optimization --- MATLAB simulation

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The present book covers the main challenges, important for future prospects of subsoils extraction as a public effective and profitable business, as well as technologically advanced industry. In the near future, the mining industry must overcome the problems of structural changes in raw materials demand and raise the productivity up to the level of high-tech industries to maintain the profits. This means the formation of a comprehensive and integral response to such challenges as the need for innovative modernization of mining equipment and an increase in its reliability, the widespread introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies in the activities of mining enterprises, the transition to "green mining" and the improvement of labor safety and avoidance of man-made accidents. The answer to these challenges is impossible without involving a wide range of scientific community in the publication of research results and exchange of views and ideas. To solve the problem, this book combines the works of researchers from the world's leading centers of mining science on the development of mining machines and mechanical systems, surface and underground geotechnology, mineral processing, digital systems in mining, mine ventilation and labor protection, and geo-ecology. A special place among them is given to post-mining technologies research.

underground mining --- ventilation systems --- methane release hazard --- spontaneous combustion hazard --- safety --- copper ore comminution --- hydro-jet mill --- high-pressure water jet --- deep underground min --- IoT devices --- smartphone --- gas hazards --- Industry 4.0 in mining --- ball mills --- energy efficiency --- internal dynamics --- DEM model --- resonance oscillations --- measurements --- drilling rig --- process monitoring --- operational cycles --- sound measurement --- electric current acquisition --- threshold-based segmentation --- envelope spectrum --- safety function --- electro-hydraulic control system --- powered roof support --- textile conveyor belts --- multiply conveyor belts --- multiply belt splices --- laboratory splice tests --- fluid coupling --- ball mill --- electric motor --- drive system --- grinding --- energetic efficiency --- surface mining --- mining equipment --- multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) --- ELECTRE III --- thermal imaging --- belt conveyor --- diagnostics --- mechanical failure --- preventative maintenance --- well reamer --- rock mass --- intensification of production --- nonlinear law --- completion of wells --- innovative technology --- UAV --- acoustic signal processing --- Euclidean distance --- underground mine --- search and rescue --- drilling --- pipe --- drill bit --- manufacturing error --- material --- model --- elastic modulus --- computational fluid dynamics --- numerical model geometry --- laser scanning --- machine diagnostics --- LHD --- engine oil pressure data --- oil pump wear --- statistical analysis --- convergence functions --- numerical modeling --- high horizontal stress --- excavations stability assessment --- mobile laser scanning --- Velodyne LiDAR --- Riegl scanning system --- open pit mine --- underground laboratory --- new ways of mine reclamation --- sustainability --- circular economy --- radar interferometry --- subsidence trough --- automatic detection --- mathematical morphology --- n/a

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Much of the urban research focuses on the large metropolitan areas in South Africa. This book assesses spatial planning in the second-tier cities of the country. Secondary cities are vital as they perform essential regional, and in some cases, global economic roles and help to distribute the population of a country more evenly across its surface. Apartheid planning left South African cities fragmented segregated and with low densities. Post-apartheid policies aim to reverse these realities by emphasising integration, higher densities and upgrading. Achieving these aims has been challenging and often the historical patterns continue. The evidence shows that two opposing patterns prevail, namely increased densities and continued urban sprawl. This book presents ten case studies of spatial planning and spatial transformation in secondary cities of South Africa. The book frames these case studies against complexity theory and suggests that the post-apartheid response to apartheid planning represents a linear deviation from history. The ten case studies then reveal how difficult it is for local decision-makers to find appropriate responses and how current responses often result in contradictory results. Often these cities are highly vulnerable and they find it difficult to plan in the context of uncertainty. The book also highlights how these cities find it difficult to stand on their own against the influence of interest groups (property developers, mining companies, traditional authorities, other spheres of government). The main reasons include weak municipal finance statements, the dependence on national and provincial government for capital expenditure, limited investment in infrastructure maintenance, the lack of planning capacity, the inability to implement plans and the unintended and sometimes contrary outcomes of post-apartheid planning policies.

City & town planning - architectural aspects --- Secondary cities --- spatial transformation --- Secondary cities and research and policy in South Africa --- spatial planning --- Post-apartheid spatial policy --- complex spaces --- Complex adaptive systems --- Socioecological systems --- Implications for planning in complex systems --- Adaptive co-evolution --- Collaborative and adaptive planning and leadership --- Urban sprawl --- Gated estates --- Drakenstein Municipality’s spatial problems --- sprawl --- Policy for spatial containment --- Spatial planning for the Limpopo energy hub --- Mining booms and busts --- Settlement planning and housing policy for mining towns --- Infrastructure --- Spatial change --- Spatial transformation and complexity --- Complexity of planning in Mahikeng --- Planning in a difficult space --- Policy and planning frameworks --- Demographics --- Planning for spatial transformation --- Matjhabeng: planning in the face of the Free State Goldfields decline --- Context and changes in Matjhabeng --- Welkom’s economy and global market forces --- Spatial changes in Matjhabeng --- 1990–2013 --- Spatial planning in Matjhabeng: 1994–2018 --- The 2005/2006 spatial development framework --- The 2013 spatial development framework --- The 2015 Matjhabeng by-laws --- Precinct plans --- realistic plans in a situation of economic stagnation --- Mbombela: a growing provincial capital and tourism destination --- Spatial and population change --- Municipal infrastructure --- Main spatial challenges --- Spatial priorities and plans --- N4 Maputo corridor --- Participatory planning --- Balancing urban and rural land development --- Integrated development --- Msunduzi: spatially integrating Kwazulu-Natal’s diverse capital --- the contribution of the spatial development framework to spatial transformation --- Factors affecting spatial change in Polokwane Local Municipality --- Settlement hierarchy --- Corridors and transportation --- Water and sanitation infrastructure --- Spatial planning problems in Rustenburg --- Internal dynamics that hinder spatial transformation --- External dynamics that hinder spatial transformation --- Quality of the spatial development framework and planning process --- Spatial planning and complexity lessons --- Complexity as a lens to assess spatial planning instruments --- Interconnected nodes and car-free transport --- Optimal land use --- Resource custodianship --- Promotion of agriculture and food production --- and preservation of heritage --- Complexity in spatial planning for Stellenbosch Municipality --- complexity theory and spatial change