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This book contains original peer-reviewed articles written by some of the most prominent international physicists active in the field of hydrodynamics. The topic is entirely devoted to the study of the transitional regimes of incompressible viscous flow found at the onset of turbulent flows. Nine articles written for this 2020 Special Issue of the journal Entropy (MDPI) have been gathered at the crossroads of fluid mechanics, statistical physics, complexity theory, and applied mathematics. They include experimental, analytic, and computational material of an academic level that has not been published anywhere else.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- subcritical phenomenon --- transition to turbulence --- direct numerical simulation --- spatio-temporal intermittency --- channel flow --- hibernating turbulence --- hot-film anemometry --- turbulence --- turbulent bands --- obliqueness --- advection speed --- wave generation --- inflectional instability --- transition to/from turbulence --- wall-bounded shear flow --- plane Poiseuille flow --- spatiotemporal intermittency --- directed percolation --- critical phenomena --- subcritical transition --- turbulence fraction --- moment --- unsteady shear flow --- turbulence intermittency --- helical instability --- puff dynamics --- phase transition --- Couette flow --- lifetimes --- subcritical phenomenon --- transition to turbulence --- direct numerical simulation --- spatio-temporal intermittency --- channel flow --- hibernating turbulence --- hot-film anemometry --- turbulence --- turbulent bands --- obliqueness --- advection speed --- wave generation --- inflectional instability --- transition to/from turbulence --- wall-bounded shear flow --- plane Poiseuille flow --- spatiotemporal intermittency --- directed percolation --- critical phenomena --- subcritical transition --- turbulence fraction --- moment --- unsteady shear flow --- turbulence intermittency --- helical instability --- puff dynamics --- phase transition --- Couette flow --- lifetimes

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Cathodic Arcs: From Fractal Spots to Energetic Condensation is the first book in over a decade dedicated to the physics and technology of cathodic arcs. It includes a detailed account of arc history, a textbook-like introduction to cathode phenomena, and some basic physics of expanding plasmas; it deals with the infamous macroparticle issue and describes a host of practical plasma filter solutions. In contrast to previous books on cathodic arcs, the focus is on the relation of arc plasmas and their properties to surface modification and thin film deposition. The book contains sections on basic plasma physics and thin film materials science. It also deals with practical issues of coatings such as stress control and the often-underrated issue of the coating’s color. By stressing the fractal nature of cathode spots, the theme of fluctuations can be found throughout the book: fluctuations affect all plasma properties and thereby have consequences for plasma-based surface modifications and film growth. Detailed explanations are complemented by compilations of plasma and materials data arranged in Periodic Tables. Cathodic Arcs: From Fractal Spots to Energetic Condensation is written with researchers and advanced students in the fields of materials science and plasma physics in mind. It is suitable both as a reference work for the expert as well as an introduction for newcomers to the interdisciplinary fields of plasma-surface interaction and plasma-assisted deposition of thin films.                                       .

Physics. --- Atoms, Molecules, Clusters and Plasmas. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- Surfaces and Interfaces, Thin Films. --- Condensed Matter. --- Chemical engineering. --- Plasma (Ionized gases). --- Condensed matter. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Physique --- Génie chimique --- Plasma (Gaz ionisés) --- Matière condensée --- Surfaces (Physique) --- Cathode rays. --- Intermittency (Nuclear physics). --- Cathode rays --- Intermittency (Nuclear physics) --- Plasma (Ionized gases) --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Atomic Physics --- Electricity & Magnetism --- Gaseous discharge --- Gaseous plasma --- Magnetoplasma --- Fractal structure (Nuclear physics) --- Atoms. --- Materials --- Thin films. --- Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics. --- Condensed Matter Physics. --- Surfaces. --- Cathodes --- Electric discharges through gases --- Electrons --- Radiation --- Radioactivity --- X-rays --- Ionized gases --- Nuclear physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Engineering --- Chemistry, Technical --- Metallurgy --- Materials—Surfaces. --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids --- Films, Thin --- Solid film --- Solid state electronics --- Coatings --- Thick films --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Stereochemistry --- Constitution --- Surface phenomena --- Friction --- Surfaces (Physics) --- Tribology --- Surfaces

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"To gain insight into the nature of turbulent fluids, mathematicians start from experimental facts, translate them into mathematical properties for solutions of the fundamental fluids PDEs, and construct solutions to these PDEs that exhibit turbulent properties. This book belongs to such a program, one that has brought convex integration techniques into hydrodynamics. Convex integration techniques have been used to produce solutions with precise regularity, which are necessary for the resolution of the Onsager conjecture for the 3D Euler equations, or solutions with intermittency, which are necessary for the construction of dissipative weak solutions for the Navier-Stokes equations. In this book, weak solutions to the 3D Euler equations are constructed for the first time with both non-negligible regularity and intermittency. These solutions enjoy a spatial regularity index in L̂2 that can be taken as close as desired to 1/2, thus lying at the threshold of all known convex integration methods. This property matches the measured intermittent nature of turbulent flows. The construction of such solutions requires technology specifically adapted to the inhomogeneities inherent in intermittent solutions. The main technical contribution of this book is to develop convex integration techniques at the local rather than global level. This localization procedure functions as an ad hoc wavelet decomposition of the solution, carrying information about position, amplitude, and frequency in both Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates"-- "A new threshold for the existence of weak solutions to incompressible Euler equations. To gain insight into the nature of turbulent fluids, mathematicians start from experimental facts, translate them into mathematical properties for solutions of the fundamental fluids PDEs, and construct solutions to these PDEs that exhibit turbulent properties. This book belongs to such a program, one that has brought convex integration techniques into hydrodynamics. Convex integration techniques have been used to produce solutions with precise regularity, which are necessary for the resolution of the Onsager conjecture for the 3D Euler equations, or solutions with intermittency, which are necessary for the construction of dissipative weak solutions for the Navier-Stokes equations. In this book, weak solutions to the 3D Euler equations are constructed for the first time with both non-negligible regularity and intermittency. These solutions enjoy a spatial regularity index in L̂2 that can be taken as close as desired to 1/2, thus lying at the threshold of all known convex integration methods. This property matches the measured intermittent nature of turbulent flows. The construction of such solutions requires technology specifically adapted to the inhomogeneities inherent in intermittent solutions. The main technical contribution of this book is to develop convex integration techniques at the local rather than global level. This localization procedure functions as an ad hoc wavelet decomposition of the solution, carrying information about position, amplitude, and frequency in both Lagrangian and Eulerian coordinates"--

Differential equations, Nonlinear --- Induction (Mathematics) --- Convex functions. --- Fluid dynamics --- MATHEMATICS / Applied --- MATHEMATICS / General --- Numerical solutions. --- Mathematics. --- Functions, Convex --- Functions of real variables --- Mathematical induction --- Induction (Logic) --- Mathematics --- Numerical analysis --- Annals of Mathematics Studies. --- Euler equations. --- Intermittent Convex Integration for the 3D Euler Equations: (AMS-217). --- Kolmogorov. --- Matthew Novack. --- Nader Masmoudi. --- Nash iteration. --- Navier-Stokes equations. --- Onsager conjecture. --- Onsager. --- Princeton university press. --- Tristan Buckmaster. --- Vlad Vicol. --- anomalous dissipation. --- convex integration. --- intermittency. --- math. --- mathematics. --- scholarly. --- structure functions. --- turbulence.

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The Environmental Noise Directive (END) requires that a five-year updating of noise maps is carried out to check and report on the changes that have occurred during the reference period. The updating process is usually achieved using a standardized approach consisting of collecting and processing information through acoustic models to produce the updated noise maps. This procedure is time consuming and costly, and has a significant impact on the financial statement of the authorities responsible for providing the maps. Furthermore, the END requires that easy-to-read noise maps are made available to the public to provide information on noise levels and the subsequent actions to be undertaken by local and central authorities to reduce noise impacts. In order to update the noise maps more easily and in a more effective way, it is convenient to design an integrated system incorporating real-time noise measurement and signal processing to identify and analyze the noise sources present in the mapping area (e.g., road traffic noise, leisure noise, etc.) as well as to automatically generate and present the corresponding noise maps. This wireless acoustic sensor network design requires transversal knowledge, from accurate hardware design for acoustic sensors to network structure design and management of the information with signal processing to identify the origin of the measured noise and graphical user interface application design to present the results to end users. This book is collection in which several views of methodology and technologies required for the development of an efficient wireless acoustic sensor network from the first stages of its design to the tests conducted during deployment, its final performance, and possible subsequent implications for authorities in terms of the definition of policies. Contributions include several LIFE and H2020 projects aimed at the design and implementation of intelligent acoustic sensor networks with a focus on the publication of good practices for the design and deployment of intelligent networks in other locations.

History of engineering & technology --- motor --- mechanical fault --- detection --- RMS --- sound --- drill --- safety --- pattern --- bearing --- fan --- shaft --- road traffic noise --- noise events --- intermittency ratio --- urban sites classification --- noise monitoring --- real-time noise mapping --- wireless sensor networks --- noise mapping --- noise mitigation --- DYNAMAP project --- outdoors noise --- sound level meter --- digital signal processing --- multirate filters --- dynamic noise maps --- anomalous noise events --- individual impact --- aggregate impact --- WASN --- sensor nodes --- urban and suburban environments --- noise control --- sensor concept --- road traffic noise model --- dynamic model --- acoustics --- smart cities --- deep learning --- long short-term memory --- temporal forecast --- p-u sensor --- p-p sensor --- noise --- Adrienne --- stabilization --- damping --- acoustic impedance --- road surfaces --- low-cost sensors --- networks --- noise sources --- regression analysis --- contribution analysis --- vehicle interior noise --- acoustic sensor design --- acoustic event detection --- map generation --- public information --- END --- CNOSSOS-EU

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An eminent philosopher explains why we owe it to future generations to take immediate action on global warmingClimate change is the supreme challenge of our time. Yet despite growing international recognition of the unfolding catastrophe, global carbon emissions continue to rise, hitting an all-time high in 2019. Unless humanity rapidly transitions to renewable energy, it may be too late to stop irreversible ecological damage. In The Pivotal Generation, renowned political philosopher Henry Shue makes an impassioned case for taking immediate, radical action to combat global warming.Shue grounds his argument in a rigorous philosophical analysis of climate change’s moral implications. Unlike previous generations, which didn’t fully understand the danger of burning carbon, we have the knowledge to comprehend and control rising carbon dioxide levels. And unlike future generations, we still have time to mitigate the worst effects of global warming. This generation has the power, and thus the responsibility, to save the planet. Shirking that responsibility only leaves the next generation with an even heavier burden—one they may find impossible to bear.Written in direct, accessible language, The Pivotal Generation approaches the latest scientific research with a singular moral clarity. It’s an urgently needed call to action for anyone concerned about the planet’s future.

Climate change mitigation --- Environmental policy - United States --- Environmental ethics --- Climatic changes - Forecasting --- Climate change mitigation. --- Climate mitigation --- Climatic changes --- Climatic mitigation --- Mitigation of climate change --- Environmental protection --- Mitigation --- Acid rain. --- Alternative energy. --- American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. --- Analogy. --- Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. --- BNP Paribas. --- Bank. --- Behalf. --- Biofuel. --- Bribery. --- Business plan. --- Carbon Energy. --- Carbon capture and storage. --- Chesapeake Energy. --- China Construction Bank. --- Climate change. --- Climate risk. --- Climate. --- Combustion. --- Competitiveness. --- Contempt. --- Core business. --- Criticism. --- Customer. --- Deep sea. --- Deforestation. --- Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. --- Economic cost. --- Economy and Society. --- Electricity generation. --- Energy development. --- Environmental impact of the coal industry. --- Ethane (data page). --- Every Nation. --- Externality. --- Filing (legal). --- Filing (metalworking). --- Financial Regulator. --- Fossil fuel. --- Frustration. --- Future generation. --- Geological formation. --- Global warming. --- Government. --- Gradualism. --- Grandparent. --- Greenhouse gas. --- Greenland ice sheet. --- Heat flux. --- Hedge fund. --- High-voltage direct current. --- Incentive. --- Infrastructure. --- Intermittency. --- International Energy Agency. --- Low-carbon economy. --- Market mechanism. --- Melting. --- Methane. --- Misinformation. --- National wealth. --- Natural gas. --- Norm (social). --- Occidental Petroleum. --- Occupational safety and health. --- Oil well. --- Ownership (psychology). --- Payment. --- Petroleum industry. --- Pipeline transport. --- Plastic pollution. --- Plastic. --- Political corruption. --- Pollution. --- Positive feedback. --- Requirement. --- Responsiveness. --- Saudi Arabia. --- Saving. --- Scale In. --- Scientist. --- Sea level rise. --- Sea level. --- Shorthand. --- Social disruption. --- Sociotechnical system. --- Soil. --- Sovereign state. --- Standard of living. --- Suggestion. --- Technology. --- Too big to fail. --- Useful Life. --- Vegetation. --- Water supply. --- Wealth. --- Window function. --- World economy. --- Year. --- ethylene. --- Environmental policy --- Environmental ethics. --- Forecasting.