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Le Groupement d'Intérêt Public RENATER est officiellement constitué au début de l'année 1993, mais l'histoire des réseaux pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement a commencé en France et en Europe dès les années 1970. Certains centres de calcul et équipes scientifiques n'ont pas attendu le déploiement de RENATER pour utiliser les réseaux, afin de partager la puissance de calcul, effectuer des transferts de fichiers ou encore communiquer via les messageries. Cependant, les solutions mises en place sont hétérogènes, souvent incompatibles et onéreuses, les moyens dispersés. Dans la seconde moitié des années 1980, ces réalisations, besoins, usages pionniers vont rencontrer la volonté politique, pour porter l'ambition d'un réseau national de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement, fédérant des initiatives disciplinaires ou en régions dynamiques. La constitution du GIP RENATER marque un premier aboutissement.

Public interest groups. --- Internet searching.

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Public interest groups --- Fans (Persons) --- Political participation --- Popular culture

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UNIDO. --- UNIDO --- Developing countries --- design --- Industrial development --- Interest groups

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The Washington Information Directory (WID) is one of the most historically successful publications at CQ Press. Although it is a "directory," it has lived in the Library/Annual Edition portfolio because it has a unique profile - it is topically organized, and within the taxonomic structure the relevant organizations are listed not only with contact information but with a brief paragraph describing what the organization (whether government or non-governmental) does related to that topic. It focuses on Washington - in order to be listed, an organization must have an office in the Washington metropolitan area. These descriptions are not boilerplate advertising material from the organizations; rather, they are hand-crafted by a talented freelance research team. In addition, WID pulls together 55 organization charts for federal agencies, congressional resources related to each chapter topic, hotline and contact information for various specific areas of interest (from Food Safety Resources to internships in Washington), and an extensive list of active congressional caucuses and contact details. WID has two appendices, one with thorough information on congresspersons and committees, and the second with governors and embassies.

American Government & Politics(general) --- Interest Groups --- Political Institutions

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This book represents a comprehensive examination of interest-group politics in France. Rather than the narrow case studies usually employed to study group politics, the book focuses on the overall pattern of interaction between interest groups and government. Drawing upon extensive interviews with French interest-group leaders and politicians, Wilson examines the structures and methods of group politics, the perspectives and attitudes of group leaders, and the place of interest groups in the broader pattern of French politics. He concludes that neither of the two major conceptualizations of interest-group/government relations is adequate to explain group politics in France. He suggests that the French state is much more powerful than recognized by these or other models of interest-group politics. Political influence is difficult for groups to develop and, once achieved, is fleeting. Consequently, groups engage in a wide range of activities, some of which are pluralist, others corporatist, and still others simply protest. Wilson concludes with some guidelines in the search for a middle-range theory of democratic interest-group politics.

Political sociology --- France --- Social Sciences --- Political Science --- Pressure groups --- Advocacy groups --- Interest groups --- Political interest groups --- Special interest groups (Pressure groups) --- Functional representation --- Political science --- Representative government and representation --- Lobbying --- Policy networks --- Political action committees --- Social control