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Le Congo est engage dans un processus de reformes economiques et sociales depuis le milieu des annees 80. Ces reformes structurelles visent la restructuration du secteur public, le desengagement de l'Etat de la sphere de production, la restructuration et la promotion du secteur prive. Les structures du secteur prive sont representees par les cliniques, les centres medico-sociaux, les cabinets medicaux, et les cabinets de soins. L'une des orientations de la politique nationale de sante stipule que l'Etat doit redefinir ses responsabilites en ouvrant le secteur de la sante a d'autres acteurs institutionnels, prives, et associatifs. Cette redistribution des charges permettra a l'Etat de s'acquitter reellement de ses obligations de service public en matiere d'offre des soins de qualite et de participation a la lutte contre la pauvrete. Le rapport du bureau d'etudes HERA realise avec l'appui de la Societe Financiere Internationale (IFC) du groupe de la Banque mondiale indique que le developpement du secteur prive de la sante en vue de son integration dans les politiques globales publiques est possible a condition de travailler sur les points ci-apres : (i) Utiliser le secteur prive pour fournir des services en encourageant le secteur public et les donateurs a travailler plus etroitement avec lui ; (ii) Modifier les politiques et les reglementations locales de maniere a appuyer et mobiliser le secteur prive, en simplifiant les formalites administratives, en liberalisant les reglementations sur les ressources humaines, et en diminuant les droits de douanes et les autres obstacles a l'importation. En outre, ce rapport a conduit aux resultats ci-apres : (i) Une proposition de strategie claire et une serie de suggestions pour le gouvernement, afin d'ameliorer la collaboration des deux secteurs, public et prive ; (ii) Un interet accru a participer au developpement du secteur prive dans le pays manifeste par les partenaires financiers, assureurs, investisseurs et operateurs d'Afrique et d'ailleurs.

French Translation --- Governance --- Health Care And Poverty --- Health Insurance --- Health Sector --- Health Sector Regulation --- Institutional Reform, Health Sector --- Pharmaceuticals

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This paper summarizes the major arguments and proposals to reform the modus operandi of the World Trade Organization-including decision-making procedures, negotiating modalities, and dispute settlement. Much has already been done to improve the internal and external transparency of World Trade Organization processes. Some proposals for structural reform ignore incentive constraints and the fact that the World Trade Organization is an incomplete contract that must be self-enforcing. Others-such as calls for a "critical mass" approach to negotiations-can already be pursued (and have been). The agenda for international cooperation increasingly revolves around "behind-the-border" regulatory externalities that do not necessarily lend themselves to binding commitments in a trade agreement. This suggests a focus on strengthening notification/surveillance and developing more effective mechanisms for dialogue on regulatory policies that may create negative spillovers.

Consensus --- Dispute settlement --- Economic Theory & Research --- Free Trade --- Governance --- Institutional reform --- International cooperation --- International Economics & Trade --- Trade and Services --- Trade Law --- Trade negotiations --- World Trade Organization --- WTO

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This open access book offers unique insights into how governments and governing systems, particularly in advanced economies, have responded to the immense challenges of managing the coronavirus pandemic and the ensuing disease COVID-19. Written by three eminent scholars in the field of the politics and policy of crisis management, it offers a unique ‘bird’s eye’ view of the immense logistical and political challenges of addressing a worst-case scenario that would prove the ultimate stress test for societies, governments, governing institutions and political leaders. It examines how governments and governing systems have (i) made sense of emerging transboundary threats that have spilled across health, economic, political and social systems (ii) mobilised systems of governance and often fearful and sceptical citizens (iii) crafted narratives amid high uncertainty about the virus and its impact and (iv) are working towards closure and a return to ‘normal’ when things can never quite be the same again. The book also offers the building blocks of pathways to future resilience. Succeeding and failing in all these realms is tied in with governance structures, experts, trust, leadership capabilities and political ideologies. The book appeals to anyone seeking to understand ‘what’s going on?’, but particularly academics and students across multiple disciplines, journalists, public officials, politicians, non-governmental organisations and citizen groups.

Comparative politics --- Public administration --- Comparative Politics --- Public Policy --- Public Administration --- Open Access --- COVID-19 --- coronavirus --- pandemic --- crisis management --- crisis decision-making --- political theory --- crisis politics --- crisis exploitation --- policymaking --- institutional reform --- democratic governance --- transboundary crises --- crisis communication --- crisis narratives --- centralization --- effectiveness --- legitimacy --- leadership credibility --- public trust --- COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020 --- -Crisis management in government. --- Political aspects. --- COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020-2023 --- Crisis management in government.

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January 2000 - What aspects of institution building most affect the transition to a market economy? In terms of effects on per capita income and school enrollment, the rule of law may be most important. In terms of life expectancy, the quality of the bureaucracy plays a more crucial role. Campos presents measures with which to map institution building during the transition from centrally planned to market economies. Data collection and indicators are measured in terms of five institutional dimensions of governance: Accountability of the executive; Quality of the bureaucracy; Rule of law; Character of policymaking process; Strength of civil society. Campos highlights the differences over time and between Central and Eastern European countries and those of the former Soviet Union. In terms of effects on per capita income and school enrollment, Campos finds the rule of law to be the most important institutional dimension, both for the sample as a whole and for differences between the two regions. In terms of life expectancy, however, the quality of the bureaucracy plays the most crucial role. One important message Campos draws from the results is that institutions do change over time and are by no means as immutable as the literature has suggested. The range of feasible policy choices (for changing institutions) may be much wider than is often assumed. This paper is a product of Development Policy, Development Economics Senior Vice Presidency. The author may be contacted at nauro.campos@cerge.cuni.cz.

Accountability --- Bureaucracy --- Bureaucratic Quality --- Civil Society --- Corruption and Anticorruption Law --- Data Collection --- Economic Development --- Economic Growth --- Good Governance --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Growth Rates --- Indicators --- Institutional Change --- Institutional Framework --- Institutional Reform --- Institutions --- Market Economy --- National Governance --- Per Capita Income --- Property Rights --- Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures --- Rule Of Law --- Transition Economies

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This paper provides an alternative way of testing the theory of legal origins, one based on a firm's perception of how helpful the government is for doing business. The author argues that an approach based on firm perceptions offers a number of advantages over existing studies. Specifically, the analysis demonstrates that heavier regulation in civil law compared with common law countries is not viewed by businesses as an efficient and socially desirable response to disorder. Further, the findings show a strong effect of legal tradition on government helpfulness even after controlling for various institutional measures known to be correlated with the legal tradition of countries. This suggests that there is more to legal tradition than what existing studies have unearthed.

Debt Markets --- Dictatorship --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Good governance --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Institutional reform --- Law and Development --- Legal Products --- Legal structure --- Legal system --- Lower house --- National Governance --- Political Institutions --- Poor governance --- Presidency --- Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures --- Regulatory measures