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This paper presents an overview of the constitutional-legal provisions on access to services in developing countries and shows that rights to public services are not justice-able. It further documents the performance record to show that governments' response to such a weak accountability framework has been predictable - poor performance in service delivery with little accountability. The paper also shows that while there has not been a shortage of ideas on how to deal with this problem, most approaches have failed because they could not diagnose and deal with the underlying causes of government dysfunction. The paper presents an analytical perspective on understanding the causes of dysfunctional governance and the incentives and accountability regimes that have the potential to overcome this dysfunction. The paper also documents practices that have shown some promise in improving access. The paper then integrates ideas from successful practices with conceptual underpinnings for good governance and presents a citizen-centric (rights based) governance approach to access. It further explores how such a citizen empowerment and government accountability framework can be implemented in practice, especially in the context of developing countries, where most governments still operate in a command and control environment with little or no orientation to serve their people. It also presents ideas on how to overcome resistance to such reforms.

Accountability --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Citizens --- Disclosure --- Good governance --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Government accountability --- Institutional framework --- Lack of accountability --- National Governance --- Nations --- Public health --- Public sector --- Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Expenditure Analysis & Management

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The authors study the effects of regulation on economic growth and the relative size of the informal sector in a large sample of industrial and developing countries. Along with firm dynamics, informality is an important channel through which regulation affects macroeconomic performance and economic growth in particular. The authors conclude that a heavier regulatory burden-particularly in product and labor markets-reduces growth and induces informality. These effects are, however, mitigated as the overall institutional framework improves.

Burden Of Regulation --- Corruption --- Economic Growth --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Governance Quality --- Growth --- Impact Of Regulation --- Institutional Framework --- Institutions --- Legal Framework --- Macroeconomic Performance --- Markets --- National Governance --- Participation --- Public Sector Regulation --- Regulation Policy --- Regulations --- Regulatory Burden --- Regulatory Environment --- Regulatory Framework --- Regulatory Regimes --- Safety --- Social Welfare

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The authors study the effects of regulation on economic growth and the relative size of the informal sector in a large sample of industrial and developing countries. Along with firm dynamics, informality is an important channel through which regulation affects macroeconomic performance and economic growth in particular. The authors conclude that a heavier regulatory burden-particularly in product and labor markets-reduces growth and induces informality. These effects are, however, mitigated as the overall institutional framework improves.

Burden Of Regulation --- Corruption --- Economic Growth --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Governance Quality --- Growth --- Impact Of Regulation --- Institutional Framework --- Institutions --- Legal Framework --- Macroeconomic Performance --- Markets --- National Governance --- Participation --- Public Sector Regulation --- Regulation Policy --- Regulations --- Regulatory Burden --- Regulatory Environment --- Regulatory Framework --- Regulatory Regimes --- Safety --- Social Welfare

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Pragmatism and its consequences are central issues in American politics today, yet scholars rarely examine in detail the relationship between pragmatism and politics. In The Priority of Democracy, Jack Knight and James Johnson systematically explore the subject and make a strong case for adopting a pragmatist approach to democratic politics--and for giving priority to democracy in the process of selecting and reforming political institutions. What is the primary value of democracy? When should we make decisions democratically and when should we rely on markets? And when should we accept the decisions of unelected officials, such as judges or bureaucrats? Knight and Johnson explore how a commitment to pragmatism should affect our answers to such important questions. They conclude that democracy is a good way of determining how these kinds of decisions should be made--even if what the democratic process determines is that not all decisions should be made democratically. So, for example, the democratically elected U.S. Congress may legitimately remove monetary policy from democratic decision-making by putting it under the control of the Federal Reserve. Knight and Johnson argue that pragmatism offers an original and compelling justification of democracy in terms of the unique contributions democratic institutions can make to processes of institutional choice. This focus highlights the important role that democracy plays, not in achieving consensus or commonality, but rather in addressing conflicts. Indeed, Knight and Johnson suggest that democratic politics is perhaps best seen less as a way of reaching consensus or agreement than as a way of structuring the terms of persistent disagreement.

Democracy --- Philosophy. --- American politics. --- U.S. Congress. --- ambiguity. --- anti-skepticism. --- argument. --- bureaucracy. --- collective decision making. --- collective decision. --- collective decisions. --- collective outcomes. --- consequentialism. --- decentralized markets. --- decentralized mechanisms. --- democracy. --- democratic argument. --- democratic arrangements. --- democratic competition. --- democratic decision making. --- democratic institutional framework. --- democratic institutions. --- democratic politics. --- democratic process. --- democratic processes. --- diversity. --- effective participation. --- equal political participation. --- equality. --- fallibilism. --- formal decision making. --- free-and-equal-participation. --- freedom. --- individual participation. --- instability. --- institutional arrangements. --- institutional choice. --- institutional performance. --- judicial decision making. --- liberalism. --- markets. --- political argument. --- political consequences. --- political debate. --- political-economic institutions. --- populism. --- pragmatism. --- reflexivity. --- social choice theory. --- social choice. --- social cooperation. --- social disagreement. --- social interaction. --- social norms. --- voting. --- Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Political sociology --- Political systems

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Entre 2007 et 2011, la Belgique a connu une longue période de crise politique. Cet ouvrage propose des études consacrées aux enjeux institutionnels, aux acteurs socio-politiques, aux médias et aux opinions publiques au cours de la période précédant le nouveau compromis institutionnel de 2011. Elles sont autant de clés pour comprendre les dynamiques qui ont conduit à cette nouvelle étape du fédéralisme belge et les perspectives d'évolution qui s'ouvrent aujourd'hui.

Federal government --- Crises --- Fédéralisme --- Belgium --- Belgique --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Law reform --- Institutions politiques --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- BX / Brussels - Brussel - Bruxelles --- VL / Flanders - Vlaams Gewest - Région Flamande --- WA / Wallonia - Région Wallonne - Waals Gewest --- 321.68 --- 342.55 --- BPB1310 --- Structure institutionnelle --- Federalisme. --- Federale en regionale machten. --- Federalisme --- Institutionele structuur --- Fédéralisme --- Federale en regionale machten --- History --- 21st century --- #SBIB:323H510 --- institutionaalinen rakenne --- institucionāla struktūra --- structură instituțională --- institutionele structuur --- institucionalna struktura --- institucinė struktūra --- inštitucionálna štruktúra --- institutsiooniline struktuur --- intézményi szerkezet --- strukturë institucionale --- θεσμική δομή --- struktura instytucji --- institucionalno ustrojstvo --- institutionsstruktur --- institutionel struktur --- institutionelle Struktur --- estrutura institucional --- struttura istituzzjonali --- институционална структура --- estructura institucional --- institutional structure --- struttura istituzionale --- institucionální struktura --- institutioneller Rahmen --- institutionel ramme --- institutioneel kader --- marco institucional --- sistema institucional --- institutionell ram --- institucinė sandara --- institutional framework --- kuadër institucional --- iestāžu sistēma --- intézményi keret --- inštitucionálny rámec --- iestāžu uzbūve --- institutsiooniline raamistik --- институционална рамка на ЕУ --- cadre institutionnel --- institutionaalinen viitekehys --- quadro istituzionale --- cadru instituțional --- θεσμικό πλαίσιο --- институционална организација --- федерализъм --- federalizmas --- föderalizmus --- federalismo --- federalizam --- federalism --- federaliżmu --- федерализам --- federalisme --- federalizm --- føderalisme --- federālisms --- federalismi --- federalizmus --- Föderalismus --- föderalism --- ομοσπονδιακό σύστημα --- federalizëm --- federalizem --- federalismus --- statsförbund --- valtioliitto --- federalistické hnutí --- federație de state --- φεντεραλισμός --- konfederativní uspořádání --- föderatív államrendszer --- ομοσπονδία κρατών --- konfederatívne usporiadanie --- federativní uspořádání --- federatë e Shteteve --- föderalistischer Staat --- konfederācija --- federação de Estados --- valstu apvienība --- federazione di Stati --- federacija država --- federalistické hnutie --- föderaalriik --- føderation --- federalizační snahy --- valstybių federacija --- spolkové zřízení --- federación de Estados --- federation of States --- federativní zřízení --- konfederativní zřízení --- fédération d'États --- Belgische politieke cultuur en processen --- struchtúr institiúideach --- cónaidhmeacht --- Federal government - Belgium --- Law reform - Belgium --- Belgium - Politics and government