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Natural and anthropogenic grasslands such as prairies, meadows, rangelands, and pastures cover more than 40% of the planet’s surface and provide a wealth of ecological services. Grasslands alone store one third of the global carbon stocks and grass roots, through their specific architectures, ensure water cycling and prevent the erosion of fertile topsoil. In addition, grasslands are of vital importance for human food production as vast areas of rangelands and pastures provide feed for livestock. Pastoral legumes mobilize atmospheric nitrogen and improve fertility of arable soils. Not least, grasslands are an essential genetic resource. The three major crop species that feed half of the global population have been bred from wild grasses. Ancestors of our contemporary turf cultivars, common components of urban landscapes and recreation spaces, originated from wild grasslands. Although natural and managed grasslands represent pivotal ecosystems, many aspects of how they function are poorly understood. To date, most attention has focused on grassland primary producers (i.e. forage plants) and mammalian grazers but invertebrates are likely to play an equally, if not more important role in grassland ecosystem functioning. In Australian pastures, for example, the biomass of root-feeding scarab beetles can often exceed that of sheep and plant damage caused by invertebrates is sometimes equivalent to an average dairy cow’s grass consumption. Indeed, grasslands are one of the most densely populated ecosystems with invertebrates being probably the most important engineers that shape both plant communities and the grassland as a whole. In a rapidly changing world with increasing anthropogenic pressure on grasslands, this Research Topic focuses on: 1. How grassland habitats shape invertebrate biodiversity 2. Impacts of climate change on grassland-invertebrate interactions 3. Plant and invertebrate pest monitoring and management 4. Plant-mediated multitrophic interactions and biological control in grasslands 5. Land use and grassland invertebrates 6. Plant resistance to invertebrate pests Given the increasing demand for food and land for human habitation, unprecedented threats to grasslands are anticipated. Resilient to some extent, these key ecosystems need to be better comprehended to guarantee their sustainable management and ecosystem services.

plant defense --- grassland management --- root --- plant-insect interaction --- pest management --- grassland ecology --- insect pest --- climate change

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Natural and anthropogenic grasslands such as prairies, meadows, rangelands, and pastures cover more than 40% of the planet’s surface and provide a wealth of ecological services. Grasslands alone store one third of the global carbon stocks and grass roots, through their specific architectures, ensure water cycling and prevent the erosion of fertile topsoil. In addition, grasslands are of vital importance for human food production as vast areas of rangelands and pastures provide feed for livestock. Pastoral legumes mobilize atmospheric nitrogen and improve fertility of arable soils. Not least, grasslands are an essential genetic resource. The three major crop species that feed half of the global population have been bred from wild grasses. Ancestors of our contemporary turf cultivars, common components of urban landscapes and recreation spaces, originated from wild grasslands. Although natural and managed grasslands represent pivotal ecosystems, many aspects of how they function are poorly understood. To date, most attention has focused on grassland primary producers (i.e. forage plants) and mammalian grazers but invertebrates are likely to play an equally, if not more important role in grassland ecosystem functioning. In Australian pastures, for example, the biomass of root-feeding scarab beetles can often exceed that of sheep and plant damage caused by invertebrates is sometimes equivalent to an average dairy cow’s grass consumption. Indeed, grasslands are one of the most densely populated ecosystems with invertebrates being probably the most important engineers that shape both plant communities and the grassland as a whole. In a rapidly changing world with increasing anthropogenic pressure on grasslands, this Research Topic focuses on: 1. How grassland habitats shape invertebrate biodiversity 2. Impacts of climate change on grassland-invertebrate interactions 3. Plant and invertebrate pest monitoring and management 4. Plant-mediated multitrophic interactions and biological control in grasslands 5. Land use and grassland invertebrates 6. Plant resistance to invertebrate pests Given the increasing demand for food and land for human habitation, unprecedented threats to grasslands are anticipated. Resilient to some extent, these key ecosystems need to be better comprehended to guarantee their sustainable management and ecosystem services.

plant defense --- grassland management --- root --- plant-insect interaction --- pest management --- grassland ecology --- insect pest --- climate change

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Sorghum bicolor --- Pest resistance --- Pest insects --- Selection. --- Selection --- methodology --- Tropical zones --- Semiarid zones --- Chilo partellus --- Contarinia sorghicola --- Icrisat --- Insect pest --- Technique de criblage --- Calacoris angustatus --- Eurystylus immaculatus

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The Annual Beltsville Symposium provides a forum for interaction among scientists involved in research that has vital impact on agriculture and on the agricultural sciences. The 10th Symposium in the series, Biotechnology for Solving Agricultural Problems, focuses on the use of a revolutionary new set of tools, biotechnology, and attempts to define the set in terms of its applications in agriculture. Biotechnology has already contributed to the genetic improvement of agricultural products. Procedures that were impossible to test or to implement in the past because of technological limitations are now routinely used by many scientists. Four areas that have benefitted from advances in biotechnology are covered in the symposium proceedings. These areas include genetic manipulation, nutrition, health and disease, and natural resource management. The 31 invited speakers have identified programs of basic and applied research on plants, animals, and insects that fall within these broad areas. Their research strategies included such techniques as germline modification, gene mapping, monoclonal antibody production, and gene transposition. These strategies have tapped new well springs of information and technologies ranging from the regulation of gene expression (and with it, the regulation of development, growth, disease resistance, and nutrient metabolism) to degradation of pesticides and toxic wastes. The applications of biotechnology to agricultural research have opened virgin vistas with enormous potential. The new biotechnological techniques and those that will evolve with their use will contribute markedly to the capacity of the agricultural sciences to advance the well-being of the human race.

$ Flow cytometry applied to spermatozoa sorting --- $ Female insect sterilizing genes --- $ Biological control of insects --- $ Herbicide resistance in crops --- $ Resistance improvement in plants --- $ Gene transfer --- $ Vaccinia virus vector --- $ Insect pest control --- $ Spermatozoa sorting by flow cytometry --- $ Hybridoma technology --- $ Gene mapping in domestic animals --- $ Recombinant DNA --- Agricultural biotechnology --- Agriculture --- Congresses --- Research --- $ African swine fever virus variation --- Congresses. --- Agricultural biotechnology - Congresses --- Agriculture - Research - Congresses --- Agricultural engineering.

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The book "Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Biological Applications" present novel advances about the green synthesis of nanomaterials, as well as on the possible biological applications, including studies dealing with entomology, parasitology, biomedicine, and environmental research.

Medicine --- metamaterial --- multiple resonances --- biochemical sensing --- environment sensor --- net formulations --- stored product insects --- knockdown --- mortality --- long-term effect --- European grapevine moth --- green pesticide --- insect pest --- Integrated Pest Management --- Larvicide --- nano-insecticide --- Tortricidae --- hydatid cyst --- protoscoleces --- nanomedicine --- in vitro --- in vivo --- ex vivo --- zinc oxide --- nanoparticles --- black tea extract --- gallic acid --- green synthesis --- antioxidants --- antimicrobial activity --- silver nanoparticles --- Diospyros malabarica --- antibacterial --- anticancer --- catalyst --- 4-nitrophenol --- electromechanically --- tunability --- metamaterials --- multi-functionalities --- terahertz --- refraction index sensor --- n/a