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The paper argues that there is a greater commonality of approach between the National Innovation Systems approach and mainstream economic analysis than is often asserted, and that a better dialogue between the two could strengthen both perspectives. To this end, the paper uses an off-the-shelf neoclassical model to provide a tentative structure for what a National Innovation Systems schematic might look like and where its boundaries should be. Simulations from the model suggest how present benchmarking techniques may be misleading.
Firm Capabilities --- Innovation Benchmarking --- National Innovation Systems --- Technological Diffusion
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Innovationen entstehen im Kontext interaktiver Lernprozesse systemisch vernetzter Akteure. Im Zentrum strukturell und institutionell eingebetteter Innovationsnetzwerke, die an der Generierung und Diffusion von Innovationen beteiligt sind, stehen private Wirtschaftsunternehmen. Sie kooperieren vorrangig mit öffentlichen und privaten Forschungseinrichtungen, Bildungs- und Ausbildungseinrichtungen sowie mit Finanzdienstleistern. Historisch betrachtet sind Innovationssysteme zunächst auf nationalstaatlicher Ebene entstanden. Die Globalisierung führt jedoch zur Ausdifferenzierung lokaler, regionaler und supranationaler Arrangements. Der Sammelband ist in drei Blöcke gegliedert. Der erste Block enthält deutsche Übersetzungen von Grundlagentexten des Innovationssysteme-Ansatzes. Im zweiten Block werden einzelne theoretische Aspekte vertiefend analysiert. Der dritte Block enthält Studien zur Ausdifferenzierung des deutschen Innovationssystems.
Political science. --- Sociology. --- Economic sociology. --- Political Science. --- Sociology, general. --- Organizational Studies, Economic Sociology. --- innovation systems --- innovation networks
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Agricultural innovation has played a critical role in the economic transformation of developing East Asian countries over the past half century. The Green Revolution-in the form of modern seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and modern machinery-has contributed to increased crop yields and farm incomes, and decreased poverty across the region. Although policy makers' traditional focus on expanding and intensifying agricultural production has brought many benefits, the focus on productivity has come at a rising cost. The environmental sustainability of agricultural production is increasingly under threat. Moreover, as countries in the region have become more urbanized and demand for processed foods has risen, inadequate food safety systems and related food safety hazards have created a new form of food insecurity. As detailed in Agricultural Innovation in Developing East Asia: Productivity, Safety, and Sustainability, a new generation of innovation in agriculture has the potential to address the challenges of productivity, sustainability, and food safety to deliver a "triple win." To make the most of this promising wave of agricultural innovations, policy makers in the region will need to act to strengthen countries' agricultural innovation systems. This effort will require a cross-cutting approach, including policy and institutional reforms, improved governance of countries' agri-food systems, and efforts to build farmers' and firms' capacities to adopt new technologies and to innovate.
Agricultural Extension Services --- Agricultural innovation --- Agricultural Innovation Systems --- Agro-Food Systems --- AIS --- Farmers --- Food Safety --- Innovation Policy --- Nutrition --- Productivity --- Science, Technology, and Innovation --- Skills for Innovation --- STI --- Sustainability
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This paper sheds light on key innovation patterns and constraints within a selected set of developing East Asian countries (Cambodia, China, Indonesia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). It follows a comprehensive approach about national innovation systems while highlighting the supply and demand dimensions of innovation as well as the markets where firms make accumulation decisions for different forms of capital (knowledge capital, human capital. and physical capital). The paper presents a set of empirical exercises drawing from various data sets. The results corroborate the idea of the importance of adopting a broad view of innovation policy and investing in missing complementary factors. Although investment in research and development is key to boost innovation, it is also crucial to have business and regulatory environments that are conducive to overall firm performance and capital accumulation (not only knowledge capital), as they are expected to improve innovation returns. In addition, the results suggest that other innovation inputs aside from research and development matter for innovation activities, such as training for innovative activities, acquisition/licensing of technology, and managerial practices.
Business cycles and stabilization policies --- Business environment --- Common carriers industry --- Construction industry --- Educational sciences --- Food and beverage industry --- General manufacturing --- Innovation --- International economics and trade --- International trade and trade rules --- Managerial practices --- National innovation systems --- Plastics and rubber industry --- Private sector development --- Public sector development --- Public sector management and reform --- Pulp and paper industry --- Textiles apparel and leather industry
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Analyses co-operation between universities and regional authorities.
Regionalism. --- Higher education and state. --- Education, Higher. --- Régionalisme. --- Enseignement supérieur. --- College students --- Higher education --- Postsecondary education --- Universities and colleges --- Education, Higher --- State and higher education --- Education and state --- Human geography --- Nationalism --- Interregionalism --- Education --- Government policy --- Higher education and state --- Law and legislation --- PASCAL. --- PURE project. --- entrepreneurialism. --- external relations. --- higher education. --- internal arrangements. --- international networking. --- learning region. --- local-regional engagement. --- private sectors. --- regional innovation systems. --- stakeholders. --- tertiary sector. --- training system. --- universities.
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This book analyses the role of networks in innovation and technology diffusion. It reviews policy initiatives to promote efficient networking in selected OECD countries, and draws the main implications for public policy. It provides both fresh conceptual insights and new factual information on this important mechanism of innovation-led growth.
Economic production --- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development --- Diffusion of innovations --- Technological innovations --- Social networks --- Business and education --- Innovations --- Réseaux sociaux --- Industrie et éducation --- International cooperation --- Diffusion --- Coopération internationale --- Science --- Diffusion of innovations. --- Social networks. --- Business and education. --- International cooperation. --- Corporations and education --- Industry and education --- Education and business --- Education and corporations --- Education and industry --- Education --- Worksite schools --- Networking, Social --- Networks, Social --- Social networking --- Social support systems --- Support systems, Social --- Interpersonal relations --- Cliques (Sociology) --- Microblogs --- Innovations, Diffusion of --- Acculturation --- Communication --- Culture diffusion --- Innovation Systems --- Technology of Diffusion
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This open access book focuses on theoretical and empirical intersections between governance, knowledge and space from an interdisciplinary perspective. The contributions elucidate how knowledge is a prerequisite as well as a driver of governance efficacy, and conversely, how governance affects the creation and use of knowledge and innovation in geographical context. Scholars from the fields of anthropology, economics, geography, public administration, political science, sociology, and organization studies provide original theoretical discussions along these interdependencies. Moreover, a variety of empirical chapters on governance issues, ranging from regional and national to global scales and covering case studies in Australia, Europe, Latina America, North America and South Africa demonstrate that geography and space are not only important contexts for governance that affect the contingent outcomes of governance blueprints. Governance also creates spaces. It affects the geographical confines as well as the quality of opportunities and constraints that actors enjoy to establish legitimate and sustainable ways of social and environmental co-existence.
Human geography. --- Political science. --- Geography. --- Human Geography. --- Political Science. --- Geography, general. --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology --- Human Geography --- Political Science --- Geography, general --- Political Geography --- Open access --- Governance --- Knowledge and innovation --- Social networks --- Natural resources --- Knowledge and political action --- Eurocrisis --- Codified and uncodified knowledge --- Forest fire risk management --- Fight against corruption --- Adaptive governance --- Infectious disease outbreaks --- Collective learning --- Fragmented governance --- Forest governance --- Global innovation systems --- Technology-based industries --- Political science & theory
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Globalization and telecoupling are enhancing the complexity of the coupled socio-ecological system constituted by the interaction between the global ecosphere and the anthroposphere. As a result, the demand for tools to identify transformative innovations, assess future risks, and support precautionary decisions for sustainability is growing by the day in business and politics. Scenarios are a means of simplification, reducing the real-world complexity to a limited number of essential factors to analyze their interactions and support policy formulation, with indicators as communication and monitoring tools. In particular, in a time of fake news and alternative truths a critical reflection amongst producers and users of scenarios and indicators is overdue; the capability for critical self-reflection is what distinguishes science from pseudo-science, and is a condition of trust. The authors of this book test established measurement and modeling approaches against new challenges, assess the weaknesses of prevailing innovation theories and the political-ideological embedment of archetypical scenarios, highlight deficits in taking the physical basics into account, and the need to understand global interaction and the stepwise process of energy transitions, point out technical as well as conceptual weaknesses in data collection, harmonization and indicator generation, always with a view to solving problems.
sustainable development goals --- science-policy interface --- long-wave theory --- scenarios --- tweets --- sustainability indicators --- models and modes of science --- environmental innovation --- energy supply --- renewable energy --- gross domestic product --- GDP --- bio-economics --- data needs --- fake news --- European Tourism Indicator System (ETIS) --- climate change --- goals --- Agenda 2030 --- Visit South Sardinia --- tourist destination --- indicators --- monitoring --- modelling --- institutions --- sustainable development --- grid flexibility --- global indicator framework --- microdata --- decision-making --- world views --- SDGs --- Germany --- challenges --- values --- sustainable production and consumption --- policies --- sustainability transition --- storage --- stakeholders --- innovation systems --- societal impact --- fossil energy system --- multi-level perspective --- household consumption --- biodiversity --- agency --- evolutionary economics --- energy transition --- material footprint --- transformation --- sustainable tourism --- opportunities --- policy advice --- international inequality --- resource indicator --- curtailment
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Higher education has been considered both an ‘engine’ for innovation and a ‘catalyst’ for sustainability development; the integration of both the innovation engine and sustainability catalyst roles are discussed in a recently published Special Issue on the theme of Higher Education in Innovation Ecosystems in the journal Sustainability. Based on 16 articles contributing to the Special Issue from various perspectives, the Special Issue editors have developed an overarching framework about the relationships between higher education and innovation ecosystems. In the framework, we re-define the concept of innovation ecosystem and identify emerging roles of universities in developing sustainable innovation ecosystems. Re-conceptualization of innovation ecosystems In the editorial of the Special Issue, innovation ecosystem is defined as: co-innovation networks in which actors from organizations concerned with the functions of knowledge production, wealth creation, and norm control interact with each other in forming co-evolution and interdependent relations (both direct or indirect) in cross-geographical contexts and through which new ideas and approaches from various internal and external sources are integrated into a platform to generate shared values for the sustainable transformation of society. Compared with most commonly cited definitions of innovation ecosystem, our definition highlights three new aspects of interactions in co-innovation networks: cross-sectoral, transnational, and indirect, drawing insights from the literature including innovation, geography, and biology studies. The roles of universities in innovation ecosystems The emerging roles of universities in innovation ecosystems are as follows: (1) The role of universities is changing from being a central player in technology transfer to being an anchor in knowledge exchange; (2) universities are assuming a new role in trust-building between actors in innovation ecosystems; and (3) universities are not merely an entrepreneurial universities but are also institutional entrepreneur in the innovation ecosystem. The three emerging roles all indicate that universities are becoming the catalysts for sustainable development in innovation ecosystems. Knowledge exchange is crucial for sustainability; trust is the foundation of the sustainable networks; social entrepreneurship is indispensable for sustainable social change. Evidence in wider contexts A total of 44 authors from 10 countries contributed to the discussions on the changing roles of higher education in innovation ecosystems from varying perspectives. They also report transformations within higher education and universities’ responses to both external and internal transformations. When addressing these issues, the studies provide both theoretical and methodological contributions to the research on higher education in innovation ecosystems. The 16 articles can be generally placed into four categories: (1) new demands for universities arising from the transformation in society toward innovation ecosystems, (2) transformations within higher education responding to emerging societal demands, (3) dynamics of the interaction of university with other innovation actors in a transnational context, and (4) academic and student mobility for higher education innovation. Calling for a new research agenda While societal changes demand broader roles of universities, they also call for and leads to substantial changes within the internal fabric of the university. The innovations in both society and the universities necessitate a renewed understanding of higher education in society, which has become a new research agenda in studies on innovation in higher education. We hope our Special Issue will inspire and encourage more scholars to join the research field.
Humanities --- Education --- transnational industry cooperation --- transnational university cooperation --- transnational innovation ecosystem --- EU–China --- science, technology and innovation cooperation --- transdisciplinary approach --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- Higher Education --- University --- Entrepreneurial competences --- Employability --- Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) --- Open Innovation --- business creation --- technology transfer --- innovation --- innovation ecosystem --- entrepreneurship education --- science and technology --- sustainability --- higher education --- educational innovation --- Mexico --- academic mobility --- knowledge transfer --- higher education innovation --- institutional environment --- postgraduate education --- education level --- discipline background --- graduation institution --- R& --- D investment --- triple helix --- synergy mechanism --- national system of innovation --- China --- Belt and Road Initiative --- developmental model of intercultural sensitivity --- general model of instructional communication --- instructional beliefs model --- intercultural communication competence model --- green GDP --- environment --- sustainable development --- global innovation systems --- Chinese research university --- faculty income --- academic labor market --- ordinary labor market --- joint R& --- D institute --- institutional logics --- China’s innovation system --- China’s transnational Triple Helix linkages --- problem-solving --- critical reflection --- knowledge integration --- social learning --- systemic thinking --- entrepreneurial university --- entrepreneurship --- influencing factors --- sustainable universities --- corporate sustainability --- tensions --- integrative framework --- Finnish universities --- higher education system --- social entrepreneurship --- entrepreneurial universities --- business model innovation --- socialist economies --- Cuba --- knowledge brokers --- knowledge intensive policies --- smart specialisation --- innovation ecosystems --- global talent --- social integration --- economic integration --- Chinese student --- Finland --- university --- third mission --- knowledge-based society --- global innovation networks --- transnational industry cooperation --- transnational university cooperation --- transnational innovation ecosystem --- EU–China --- science, technology and innovation cooperation --- transdisciplinary approach --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- Higher Education --- University --- Entrepreneurial competences --- Employability --- Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) --- Open Innovation --- business creation --- technology transfer --- innovation --- innovation ecosystem --- entrepreneurship education --- science and technology --- sustainability --- higher education --- educational innovation --- Mexico --- academic mobility --- knowledge transfer --- higher education innovation --- institutional environment --- postgraduate education --- education level --- discipline background --- graduation institution --- R& --- D investment --- triple helix --- synergy mechanism --- national system of innovation --- China --- Belt and Road Initiative --- developmental model of intercultural sensitivity --- general model of instructional communication --- instructional beliefs model --- intercultural communication competence model --- green GDP --- environment --- sustainable development --- global innovation systems --- Chinese research university --- faculty income --- academic labor market --- ordinary labor market --- joint R& --- D institute --- institutional logics --- China’s innovation system --- China’s transnational Triple Helix linkages --- problem-solving --- critical reflection --- knowledge integration --- social learning --- systemic thinking --- entrepreneurial university --- entrepreneurship --- influencing factors --- sustainable universities --- corporate sustainability --- tensions --- integrative framework --- Finnish universities --- higher education system --- social entrepreneurship --- entrepreneurial universities --- business model innovation --- socialist economies --- Cuba --- knowledge brokers --- knowledge intensive policies --- smart specialisation --- innovation ecosystems --- global talent --- social integration --- economic integration --- Chinese student --- Finland --- university --- third mission --- knowledge-based society --- global innovation networks
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An increasing number of people live in cities. In recent decades, this, combined with rural abandonment and landscape polarisation, has resulted in high land ownership concentrations and agricultural intensification. This, in turn, has resulted in a significant decrease in the resilience of agriculture and overall food systems and threatens the maintenance of traditional indigenous and peasant farming. Therefore, there is an urgent need to reconnect society with the sustainable use of agroecosystems by fostering resilient social–ecological systems, emphasising the links between the functioning of natural systems and human well-being, and stressing the benefits that people derive from them. This Special Issue aims to highlight impactful research and commentaries that focus on attempts to connect people with nature for the promotion of sustainable agricultural transitions. This Issue embraces inter- and trans-disciplinary studies from multiple disciplines (e.g., agricultural sciences, environmental sciences, geography, economy, and sociology), as well as those incorporating other knowledge systems (e.g., local and indigenous) in the co-construction of knowledge for sustainable agriculture, including studies in rural areas (e.g., GIAHS or HNV farmland) and initiatives that address urban–rural relationships or those developed within metropolitan areas (e.g., community-supported agriculture, food hubs, domestic gardens, multifunctional agriculture, and farmers´ or consumers´ cooperatives) and studies assessing the societal and ecological impacts of those initiatives.
Research & information: general --- community supported agriculture --- alternative food networks --- spatial proximity --- relational proximity --- cross-national case study --- sustainable agriculture --- rural-urban interaction --- agroecology --- youth --- human-nature connectedness --- sustainability transitions --- depopulation --- ecological agriculture --- water conservation --- double-hurdle model --- interpretative structural modeling --- adoptions --- threatened plant --- agriculture --- Spain --- land use --- conservation --- human-nature reconnection --- cultural landscapes --- drivers of change --- landscape planning --- landscape stewardship --- mixed methods --- participatory governance --- rural abandonment --- stakeholder inclusion --- urban growth --- participatory mapping --- ecosystem services --- demand --- PGIS --- agricultural landscapes --- human nature connectedness --- agricultural innovations --- multi-level perspective --- agricultural knowledge and innovation systems (AKIS) --- conservative agriculture practices --- knowledge co-production --- mediterranean horticulture --- integrated pest management --- greenhouses --- soil health --- biological control --- pond naturalisation --- collective action --- socio-ecological systems --- sustainable agricultural transition --- consumers/citizens --- sustainable consumption --- innovative business models --- alternative agri-food networks (AAFNs) --- human-nature connectedness (HNC) --- multi-level perspective (MLP) --- community-supported agriculture (CSA) --- cooperatives --- food systems governance --- public policy --- inclusive multilateralism --- rights-based approach --- biodiversity --- climate change --- nature --- foodshed archipelago --- proximity food supply chains --- spatial signature --- city-region --- food self-sufficiency --- regional food security --- agricultural diversification --- food planning --- regional food system --- food policy --- socioecological systems --- local identity --- world heritage site --- community supported agriculture --- alternative food networks --- spatial proximity --- relational proximity --- cross-national case study --- sustainable agriculture --- rural-urban interaction --- agroecology --- youth --- human-nature connectedness --- sustainability transitions --- depopulation --- ecological agriculture --- water conservation --- double-hurdle model --- interpretative structural modeling --- adoptions --- threatened plant --- agriculture --- Spain --- land use --- conservation --- human-nature reconnection --- cultural landscapes --- drivers of change --- landscape planning --- landscape stewardship --- mixed methods --- participatory governance --- rural abandonment --- stakeholder inclusion --- urban growth --- participatory mapping --- ecosystem services --- demand --- PGIS --- agricultural landscapes --- human nature connectedness --- agricultural innovations --- multi-level perspective --- agricultural knowledge and innovation systems (AKIS) --- conservative agriculture practices --- knowledge co-production --- mediterranean horticulture --- integrated pest management --- greenhouses --- soil health --- biological control --- pond naturalisation --- collective action --- socio-ecological systems --- sustainable agricultural transition --- consumers/citizens --- sustainable consumption --- innovative business models --- alternative agri-food networks (AAFNs) --- human-nature connectedness (HNC) --- multi-level perspective (MLP) --- community-supported agriculture (CSA) --- cooperatives --- food systems governance --- public policy --- inclusive multilateralism --- rights-based approach --- biodiversity --- climate change --- nature --- foodshed archipelago --- proximity food supply chains --- spatial signature --- city-region --- food self-sufficiency --- regional food security --- agricultural diversification --- food planning --- regional food system --- food policy --- socioecological systems --- local identity --- world heritage site
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