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In recent years, improving the sustainability of the steel industry and reducing its CO2 emissions has become a global focus. To achieve this goal, further process optimization in terms of energy and resource efficiency and the development of new processes and process routes are necessary. Modeling and simulation have established themselves as invaluable sources of information for otherwise unknown process parameters and as an alternative to plant trials that involves lower costs, risks, and time. Models also open up new possibilities for model-based control of metallurgical processes. This Special Issue focuses on recent advances in the modeling and simulation of unit processes in iron and steelmaking. It includes reviews on the fundamentals of modeling and simulation of metallurgical processes, as well as contributions from the areas of iron reduction/ironmaking, steelmaking via the primary and secondary route, and continuous casting.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- liquid metals --- bubble generation --- bubble size distribution --- porous plugs --- bubble deformation --- drag force --- lift force --- mathematical modelling --- computational fluid dynamic --- slag heat recovery --- heat exchanger --- drying --- slag energy content --- heat recovery technology --- RecHeat --- rotary kiln --- reduction process --- numerical simulation --- pre-reduction --- scrap preheating --- electric arc furnace --- continuous charging --- turbulence modelling --- RANS/LES/DNS --- inflow condition --- model validation --- model application --- energy demand --- regression --- artificial neural network --- Gaussian process regression --- Köhle formula --- evaluation model --- quantitative relationship --- scrap melting --- mass transfer coefficient --- steelmaking process --- direct current --- arc impingement --- arc gap --- gas density --- electric arc --- magneto hydrodynamics --- computational fluid dynamics --- real-time model --- estimation --- model predictive control --- steel refining --- mathematical modeling --- carbon composite briquette --- blast furnace ironmaking --- reaction kinetics --- coke saving --- direct reduction --- Midrex --- HYL --- Rist diagram --- energy consumption --- profile optimization --- modelling --- machine learning --- steelmaking --- fuzzy modelling --- evolving modelling --- continuous casting --- near net shape casting --- twin roll (Bessemer) casting --- horizontal single belt casting --- n/a --- Köhle formula