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Some in the social sciences argue that the same logic applies to both qualitative and quantitative methods. In A Tale of Two Cultures, Gary Goertz and James Mahoney demonstrate that these two paradigms constitute different cultures, each internally coherent yet marked by contrasting norms, practices, and toolkits. They identify and discuss major differences between these two traditions that touch nearly every aspect of social science research, including design, goals, causal effects and models, concepts and measurement, data analysis, and case selection. Although focused on the differences between qualitative and quantitative research, Goertz and Mahoney also seek to promote toleration, exchange, and learning by enabling scholars to think beyond their own culture and see an alternative scientific worldview. This book is written in an easily accessible style and features a host of real-world examples to illustrate methodological points.

Social sciences --- Political sociology --- Political science --- Mass political behavior --- Political behavior --- Sociology --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- State, The --- Research --- Methodology. --- Sociological aspects --- 2 x 2 tables. --- David Hume. --- Fundamental Principle of Variable Transformation. --- Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference. --- Fundamental Tradeoffs. --- Hooke's law. --- Principle of Conceptual Opposites. --- Principle of Conceptual Overlap. --- Principle of Unimportant Variation. --- additive-linear causal model. --- aggregation technique. --- asymmetry. --- case selection. --- case studies. --- cases. --- categories. --- causal complexity. --- causal effects. --- causal heterogeneity. --- causal inference. --- causal mechanism. --- causal model. --- causal models. --- causal-process observations. --- causality. --- causation. --- cause. --- causes-of-effects approach. --- characteristics. --- concepts. --- conceptualization. --- constant conjunction definition. --- control variables. --- counterfactual analysis. --- counterfactual definition. --- counterfactuals. --- cross-case analysis. --- data analysis. --- data transformations. --- data-set observations. --- definitions. --- dependent variable. --- effects-of-causes approach. --- empirical testing. --- equifinality. --- error. --- experiments. --- fuzziness. --- fuzzy-set analysis. --- fuzzy-set transformations. --- generalization. --- hypothesis testing. --- indicators. --- individual case analysis. --- individual cases. --- inferential statistics. --- logging. --- logic. --- meaning retention. --- measurement. --- membership functions. --- methodological pluralism. --- minimum rewrite rule. --- mixed-method research. --- multimethod research. --- multiple causation. --- natural language. --- necessary condition. --- nonoccurrence. --- occurrence. --- opposites. --- perfect predictors. --- political science. --- probability theory. --- process tracing. --- qualitative research. --- quantitative research. --- regression. --- scale types. --- scope conditions. --- semantic transformations. --- semantics. --- set theory. --- set-theoretic causal model. --- set-theoretic generalization. --- social science research. --- social sciences. --- sociology. --- standardization. --- static causal asymmetry. --- statistical analysis. --- statistical method. --- statistical model. --- statistics. --- sufficient condition. --- symmetry. --- translation problems. --- typologies. --- variable transformations. --- within-case analysis. --- within-model responses.

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The most influential research topic in the twenty-first century seems to be mathematics, as it generates innovation in a wide range of research fields. It supports all engineering fields, but also areas such as medicine, healthcare, business, etc. Therefore, the intention of this Special Issue is to deal with mathematical works related to engineering and multidisciplinary problems. Modern developments in theoretical and applied science have widely depended our knowledge of the derivatives and integrals of the fractional order appearing in engineering practices. Therefore, one goal of this Special Issue is to focus on recent achievements and future challenges in the theory and applications of fractional calculus in engineering sciences. The special issue included some original research articles that address significant issues and contribute towards the development of new concepts, methodologies, applications, trends and knowledge in mathematics. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following: Fractional mathematical models; Computational methods for the fractional PDEs in engineering; New mathematical approaches, innovations and challenges in biotechnologies and biomedicine; Applied mathematics; Engineering research based on advanced mathematical tools.

fractional order IMC --- first order plus dead-time processes --- event-based implementation --- numerical simulations --- comparative closed loop results --- nonlinear wave phenomen --- RBF --- local RBF-FD --- stability --- unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) --- quaternion-based estimator --- low-cost design --- automatic optical inspection --- kinetic theory --- parallel robots --- robust control --- sliding mode control --- basinI --- basinII --- mean pressure head --- pressure head with different probabilities of occurrence --- standard deviation of the pressure fluctuations --- statistical modeling --- USBR --- desalination --- humidification-dehumidification --- waste heat recovery --- mathematical model --- yearly analysis --- thermo-economics --- multi-objective optimization --- cruise altitude --- fuel consumption --- time to climb --- Hermite-Simpson method --- trajectory optimization --- terminal residual analysis (TRA) --- m-σ terminal residual analysis (m-σ TRA) --- power transformer --- stray losses --- analytical methods --- finite element method --- gridshell structures --- shape ratio --- length ratio --- regularity --- particle swarm optimization --- genetic algorithm --- hybrid nanofluid --- dual solutions --- mixed convection --- stagnation point --- radiation --- stability analysis --- machine learning --- eXterme Gradient Boosting --- Computation Fluid Dynamics --- blade vibration --- unsteady aerodynamic model --- active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) --- multiobjective optimization --- time delay systems --- tuning rules --- soft robotics --- fractional calculus --- CACSD toolbox --- operating point linearization --- automatic uncertainty bound computation --- Model-in-the-Loop simulation --- hybrid simulation --- ℋ∞ control --- μ synthesis --- DC-to-DC power converters --- buck --- boost --- SEPIC --- rainfall-runoff model --- curve number --- inferential statistics --- 3D runoff difference model --- model calibration --- PAT model --- modified affinity laws --- hydraulic simulation tool --- μ-synthesis --- fractional-order control --- swarm optimization --- artificial bee colony optimization --- CNC machine --- mixed sensitivity --- D–K iteration --- Linear Matrix Inequality --- biotechnology --- fermentation process --- batch bioreactors --- modeling --- control system design and synthesis --- linear control --- adaptive control --- model reference adaptive control --- control system realization --- mixed-sensitivity --- FO-PID --- twin rotor aerodynamic system