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Foundations of Wildlife Diseases is a comprehensive overview of the basic principles that govern the study of wildlife diseases. The authors integrate theoretical foundations with a thorough examination of the factors that can affect the health and fitness of animals. They include specific information on a wide array of infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, arthropods, fungi, protista, and helminths, as well as immunity to these agents. Also provided is a foundation for the study of noninfectious diseases, cancers, and prion diseases that affect wildlife. Supporting students, faculty, and researchers in areas related to wildlife management, biology, and veterinary sciences, this volume fills an important gap in wildlife disease resources, focusing on mammalian and avian wildlife while also considering reptiles and amphibians.Foundations of Wildlife Diseases provides students with a structure for thinking about and understanding infective agents and their interactions with wildlife. Each chapter includes an outline, select definitions and concepts, an overview and summary, and literature cited.  

Wildlife diseases. --- Wild animal diseases --- Animals --- Diseases --- amphibians. --- animals. --- arthropods. --- avian. --- bacteria. --- biology. --- cancer. --- disease. --- diseases. --- ecology. --- environmental studies. --- fitness of animals. --- fungi. --- health of animals. --- health. --- helminths. --- immunity. --- infectious agents. --- mammals. --- natural environment. --- nature. --- noninfectious diseases. --- prion diseases. --- protista. --- reptiles. --- scientists. --- theoretical foundations. --- theoretical. --- veterinarians. --- veterinary science. --- viruses. --- wildlife diseases. --- wildlife management. --- wildlife.

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DNA is a rapidly developing vaccine platform for cancer and infectious and non-infectious diseases. Plasmids are used as immunogens to encode proteins to be further synthesized in vaccine recipients. DNA is mainly synthetic, ensuring enhanced expression in the cells of vaccine recipients (mostly mammalians). Their introduction into the host induces antibody and cellular responses. The latter are often more pronounced, and mimic the events occurring in infection, especially viral. There are a few distinct ways in which the vaccine antigen can be processed and presented, which determine the resulting immune response and which can be manipulated. Routinely, the antigen synthesized within the host cell is processed by proteasome, loaded onto, and presented in a complex with MHC I molecules. Processing can be re-routed to the lysosome, or immunogen can be secreted for further presentation in a complex with MHC II. Apart from expression, vaccination efficacy depends on DNA delivery. DNA immunogens are generally administered by intramuscular or intradermal injections, usually followed by electroporation, which enhances delivery 1000-fold. Other techniques are also used, such as noninvasive introduction by biojectors, skin applications with plasters and microneedles/chips, sonication, magnetofection, and even tattooing. An intense debate regarding the pros and cons of different routes of delivery is ongoing. A number of studies have compared the effect of delivery methods at the level of immunogen expression, and the magnitude and specificity of the resulting immune response. According to some, the delivery route determines immunogenic performance; according to others, it can modulate the level of response, but not its specificity or polarity. The progress of research aiming at the optimization of DNA vaccine design, delivery, and immunogenic performance has led to a marked increase in their efficacy in large species and humans. New DNA vaccines for use in the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, allergies, and autoimmunity are forthcoming. This Special Issue covers various aspects of DNA vaccine development.

Medicine --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- alphaviruses --- layered RNA/DNA vectors --- DNA vaccines --- RNA replicons --- recombinant particles --- tumor regression --- protection against tumor challenges and infectious agents --- ebola virus disease --- artificial T-cell antigens --- DNA vaccine constructs --- computer design --- gene expression --- immunogenicity --- DNA vaccine --- mRNA vaccine --- plasmid DNA --- in vitro transcribed mRNA --- immune responses --- formulations --- Cytolytic T Lymphocytes --- antibodies --- innate immunity --- adjuvants --- vaccine delivery --- plasmid --- cytolytic --- perforin --- bicistronic --- HCV --- HIV --- IL-36 --- adjuvant --- DNA --- Zika --- Epstein-Barr virus --- latent proteins --- LMP2 --- EBNA1 --- LMP1 --- HIV-1 --- enhancer element --- circovirus --- influenza --- immunization --- intranasal --- lipid --- flagellin --- BCG --- vaccine --- rBCG --- HTI --- T-cell --- AIDS --- clinical trial --- therapeutic vaccine --- hepatitis C virus (HCV) --- mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) --- modified MSC --- DNA immunization --- nonstructural HCV proteins --- immune response --- HCV vaccine --- myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) --- alphaviruses --- layered RNA/DNA vectors --- DNA vaccines --- RNA replicons --- recombinant particles --- tumor regression --- protection against tumor challenges and infectious agents --- ebola virus disease --- artificial T-cell antigens --- DNA vaccine constructs --- computer design --- gene expression --- immunogenicity --- DNA vaccine --- mRNA vaccine --- plasmid DNA --- in vitro transcribed mRNA --- immune responses --- formulations --- Cytolytic T Lymphocytes --- antibodies --- innate immunity --- adjuvants --- vaccine delivery --- plasmid --- cytolytic --- perforin --- bicistronic --- HCV --- HIV --- IL-36 --- adjuvant --- DNA --- Zika --- Epstein-Barr virus --- latent proteins --- LMP2 --- EBNA1 --- LMP1 --- HIV-1 --- enhancer element --- circovirus --- influenza --- immunization --- intranasal --- lipid --- flagellin --- BCG --- vaccine --- rBCG --- HTI --- T-cell --- AIDS --- clinical trial --- therapeutic vaccine --- hepatitis C virus (HCV) --- mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) --- modified MSC --- DNA immunization --- nonstructural HCV proteins --- immune response --- HCV vaccine --- myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs)

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Communicable Diseases --- Disease Outbreaks --- Infection --- Communicable diseases --- Epidemics --- Epidemiology --- Maladies infectieuses --- Epidémies --- Epidémiologie --- Periodicals. --- Periodicals --- Périodiques --- Communicable Diseases. --- Disease Outbreaks. --- Infection. --- Communicable diseases. --- Epidemics. --- Health Sciences --- Public health --- infectious disease --- infectious agents --- public health --- epidemics --- Infectious Disease Outbreaks --- Outbreaks --- Disease Outbreak --- Disease Outbreak, Infectious --- Disease Outbreaks, Infectious --- Infectious Disease Outbreak --- Outbreak, Disease --- Outbreak, Infectious Disease --- Outbreaks, Disease --- Outbreaks, Infectious Disease --- Space-Time Clustering --- Infectious diseases --- Diseases --- Medical microbiology --- Disease outbreaks --- Outbreaks of disease --- Pestilences --- Contagion and contagious diseases --- Contagious diseases --- Microbial diseases in human beings --- Zymotic diseases --- Quarantine --- Causes and theories of causation --- Infectious diseases. Communicable diseases --- besmettelijke ziekten --- Infection and Infestation --- Infections and Infestations --- Infestation and Infection --- Infestations and Infections --- Infectious Diseases --- Communicable Disease --- Disease, Communicable --- Disease, Infectious --- Diseases, Communicable --- Diseases, Infectious --- Infectious Disease --- Disease Transmission, Infectious --- Infections. --- Pandemics --- Infections

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Non-thermal (cold) plasmas at atmospheric pressure have recently found many breakthrough applications in biology, medicine, and food security. Plasmas can efficiently kill bacteria, yeasts, moulds, spores, biofilms and other hazardous microorganisms, including potential bio-terrorism agents. They can be employed for bio-decontamination and sterilization of surfaces, medical instruments, water, air, food, even of living tissues without causing their damage. Direct or indirect plasma interaction with living cells of microorganisms or even humans enables novel bio-medical applications, e.g. treatment of skin diseases and ulcers. Plasma-enhanced blood coagulation coupled with its antiseptic properties proved success in wound healing and opens new possibilities in surgery, emergency medicine and military applications. Plasma treatment allows cell manipulations, their removal and targeted transfer into the injured area, which can accelerate wound healing. Plasma induced apoptosis (programmed cell death) of tumor cells brings forth a great potential for cancer treatment. Besides, plasma enables painless treatment of dental caries, root canal disinfection, and other dentistry applications. This book is a selection of reviewed manuscripts issuing from the NATO Advanced Research Workshop Plasma for bio-decontamination, medicine and food security held in Jasná, Slovakia, on 15-18 March 2011. It provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and research activities focused at the plasma applications in areas such as bio-decontamination, water chemistry, effects on cells; biofilm inactivation, UV sterilization, and medicine, especially tissue treatment and wound healing, as well as dentistry and food security.

Plasma (Ionized gases) --- Biological decontamination --- Health --- Environment and Public Health --- Medicine --- Public Health Practice --- Science --- Gases --- Population Characteristics --- Health Care --- Health Occupations --- Inorganic Chemicals --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Public Health --- Food Safety --- Plasma Gases --- Decontamination --- Research --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Electricity & Magnetism --- Biological agents decontamination --- Biological materials decontamination --- Decontamination from biological agents --- Decontamination of biological agents --- Infectious agents decontamination --- Microbiological agents decontamination --- Gaseous discharge --- Gaseous plasma --- Magnetoplasma --- Dentistry. --- Physics. --- Food --- Medicine. --- Microbiology. --- Plasma (Ionized gases). --- Plasma Physics. --- Medicine/Public Health, general. --- Food Science. --- Biotechnology. --- Disinfection and disinfectants --- Microbial contamination --- Ionized gases --- Food science. --- Dental surgery --- Odontology --- Surgery, Dental --- Oral medicine --- Teeth --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Health Workforce --- Food—Biotechnology.

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The scientific community has made significant progress in our molecular understanding of sporadic and hereditary colorectal carcinogenesis and progression. Thie pertains to, e.g., the discovery of (mutated) oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, microsatellite instabilities, modifications in DNA repair, cellular aging, signaling cascades, genomic, epigenetic, transcriptional, translational, and protein modifications, as well as microbiotic factors and further parameters. Progression and metastasis have been more intensively studied, especially during recent years, leading to an intensified knowledge on molecular protagonists and microenvironmental interactions contributing to invasion, dissemination, and metastasis; still, more concerted efforts need to be made to better understand issues such as metastasis to different sites or the metastatic heterogeneity of single cells. Nevertheless, based on actual discoveries, personalized medicine, together with highly interdisciplinary therapeutic strategies combining advanced levels of surgical techniques, oncology, and radiation in neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or palliative settings, has started to improve the clinical prognosis of individual patients with colorectal cancer. The present Special Issue features articles of excellent international experts with the latest data in the fields mentioned. With this Special Issue, we aim to deepen discussions amongst colleagues in all kinds of disciplines working on this disease and to intensify interdisciplinary collaborations aimed at an ultimate understanding of strategies to defeat and prevent, colorectal cancer, and its progression.

Phage --- bacteriophages --- diet --- infection --- colorectal --- cancer --- nutrition --- circulating tumor cells --- colorectal cancer --- EPISPOT assay --- CellSearch® system --- predictive value --- chromatin density --- nanoscale --- tumour cell heterogeneity --- microRNAs --- metastasis --- super-resolution microscopy --- early onset --- cohort --- epidemiology --- liquid biopsy --- biomarker --- indirect carcinogenesis --- bovine meat and milk factors (BMMF) --- chronic zoonosis --- multiplex --- tumor immunology --- immune landscape --- spontaneous feline intestinal tumors --- comparative oncology --- tumor budding --- CTNNB1 --- genome-wide methylation array --- methylation --- miRNA --- colon cancer --- personalized treatment --- drug combinations --- Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) --- polyp --- TIMPs --- MMP polymorphisms --- MMP targeting --- S100A4 --- DKK1 --- Wnt signaling --- patient survival --- gender --- rectal cancer --- radiochemotherapy --- radiosensitivity --- DNA double-strand breaks --- deposited energy --- quality of life --- blood values --- (molecular) carcinogenesis --- cancer progression --- (single) cancer cell heterogeneity --- models --- infectious agents --- (targeted) therapy --- personalized medicine