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After World War II, as Hollywood faced a changing industrial landscape, movie studios shifted some production activities overseas, where they capitalized on frozen foreign earnings, cheap labor, and striking locations. Hollywood unions called the phenomenon "runaway" production to underscore the dispersal of employment opportunities. Examining the late 1940s to early 1960s, Runaway Hollywood details these changes, showing how film companies exported production around the world and the effect of this move on visual style. It uses an array of historical materials to trace the industry's creation of a more global production operation that intermixed craft practices and aesthetic ideas from Hollywood and abroad-
Motion pictures --- Motion picture industry --- Motion picture locations. --- Production and direction --- History --- Economic aspects --- 1940s to 1960s. --- appealing locations. --- cheap labor. --- cultural changes. --- employment opportunities. --- exporting production. --- filmmaking practices. --- frozen foreign earnings. --- industry changes. --- industry practices. --- international production operation. --- movie studios. --- movies. --- outsourcing. --- overseas. --- period of transition. --- production activity. --- reshaping hollywood. --- runaway production. --- unions. --- visual style. --- world war 2.
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Despite their considerable presence in Hollywood, extras and working actors have received scant attention within film and media studies as significant contributors to the history of the industry. Looking not to the stars but to these supporting players in film, television, and, recently, streaming programming, Below the Stars highlights such actors as precarious laborers whose work as freelancers has critically shaped the entertainment industry throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. By addressing ordinary actors as a labor force, Kate Fortmueller proposes a media industry history that positions underrepresented and "idian experiences as the structural elements of the culture and business of Hollywood. Resisting a top-down assessment, Fortmueller explores the wrangling of labor unions and guilds that advocated for collective action for everyday actors and helped shape professional norms. She pulls from archival research, in-person interviews, and firsthand observation to examine a history that cuts across industry boundaries and situates actors as a labor group at the center of industrial and technological upheavals, with lasting implications for race, gender, and labor relations in Hollywood.
Extras (Actors) --- Motion picture actors and actresses --- Motion picture industry --- Precarious employment --- Television actors and actresses --- Television broadcasting --- History. --- film production, union labor, labor unions, film industry, professional actors, entertainment industry, entertainment studies, media studies, labor equity, screen actors guild, movie industry changes.
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