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The objective of this report is two-fold. First, it is to raise awareness of the health and economic damages of industrial air pollution in key oblasts and to develop long-term options of improving industrial competitiveness. The second objective is to synthesize the results of a pilot benchmarking exercise of selected industries on natural resource and energy efficiency improvements, cleaner production and identify options for cleaner and greener industrial production in Kazakhstan. The report is structured as follows. Section two motivates the cleaner production topic by providing some estimates of the health impacts and economic costs of air pollution in Kazakhstan. Air pollution is selected because of data availability, but also because it is one of Kazakhstan's major environmental priorities. Section three provides a discussion of the current regulatory framework that industry faces as well as its limitations. Section four reviews the results from the pilot benchmarking exercise among selected industrial firms that were subject to 'quick-scans' for efficiency and pollution reduction improvements. Section five gives some examples how businesses have responded to environmental norms and section six reviews the major constraints faced by industry in environmental compliance and clean technology adoption. Finally, section seven provides some concrete recommendations in areas that both government and industry can pursue in achieving greater environmental compliance and clean technology adoption.

Air Quality --- Air Quality & Clean Air --- Competitiveness and Competition Policy --- Emissions --- Environment --- Environment and Natural Resources Management --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Environmental Policies and Institutions --- Environmental Protection --- Industrial Economics --- Industrial Emissions --- Industry --- Pollution Management and Environmental Health --- Private Sector Development

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Air pollution is a worldwide environmental hazard that poses serious consequences not only for human health and the climate but also for agriculture, ecosystems, and cultural heritage, among other factors. According to the WHO, there are 8 million premature deaths every year as a result of exposure to ambient air pollution. In addition, more than 90% of the world’s population live in areas where the air quality is poor, exceeding the recommended limits. On the other hand, air pollution and the climate co-influence one another through complex physicochemical interactions in the atmosphere that alter the Earth’s energy balance and have implications for climate change and the air quality. It is important to measure specific atmospheric parameters and pollutant compound concentrations, monitor their variations, and analyze different scenarios with the aim of assessing the air pollution levels and developing early warning and forecast systems as a means of improving the air quality and safeguarding public health. Such measures can also form part of efforts to achieve a reduction in the number of air pollution casualties and mitigate climate change phenomena. This book contains contributions focusing on remote sensing techniques for evaluating air quality, including the use of in situ data, modeling approaches, and the synthesis of different instrumentations and techniques. The papers published in this book highlight the importance and relevance of air quality studies and the potential of remote sensing, particularly that conducted from Earth observation platforms, to shed light on this topic.

Research & information: general --- Meteorology & climatology --- tropospheric NO2 concentrations --- nitrogen dioxide --- OMI --- spatio-temporal trends --- DBEST --- PolyTrend --- time-series analysis --- breakpoint detection --- air pollution --- TROPOMI --- COVID --- nitrogen oxides --- satellite-based --- NO2 --- land use regression --- exposure assessment --- carbon monoxide --- COVID-19 --- China --- surface concentration --- IASI --- drone --- UAV --- gas sensors --- odour --- industrial emissions --- mapping --- environmental monitoring --- aerosol optical depth --- CAMS --- machine learning --- MODIS --- urban form --- PM2.5 --- landscape metrics --- geographically weighted regression --- Yunnan Plateau --- biomass burning --- cross-border transport --- WRF-Chem --- formaldehyde --- trend --- satellite --- monitor --- annual --- seasonal --- temperature --- meteorology --- AOD --- Europe --- open data --- n/a

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The Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) for Timor-Leste identifies environmental priorities through a systematic review of environmental issues in natural resources management and environmental health in the context of the country's economic development and environmental institutions. Lack of data has been the main limitation in presenting a more rigorous analysis. Nevertheless, the report builds on the best available secondary data, presents new data on the country's wealth composition, and derives new results on the costs of water and air pollution. The CEA calls for urgent attention to gaps in the environmental management framework, the lack of capacity to implement the few regulations in place, and the high cost of indoor air pollution and poor water, sanitation, and hygiene. Timor-Leste is a young country that regained independence in 2002, and it has emerged from a bitter past burdened by colonialism and violent conflicts. It is still a fragile state facing enormous challenges. The report also points out the lack of clean water, appropriate sanitation, and hygiene as an environmental priority. The CEA estimates that this imposes an economic cost of about USD 17 million per year by way of illness and premature death. The CEA also looks at outdoor air pollution and at natural resource management for land, forestry, and coastal and marine resources. Outdoor air pollution is not a serious problem for the time being, but it could become so in the long run if the economy grows rapidly, urbanization continues, heavy industry emerges, and motorization increases rapidly. This underlines the need for good forward territorial and development planning. In conclusion, much good work has already been done to enhance the quality of the environment in Timor-Leste. Efforts are under way to improve the data base for environmental management.

Adaptation to Climate Change --- Air Pollution --- Air Quality --- Air Quality & Clean Air --- Alternative Energy --- Aquifers --- Biodiversity --- Cancer --- Child Mortality --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Coal --- Coral Reefs --- Deforestation --- Desertification --- Developing Countries --- Drinking Water --- Economic Development --- Electricity --- Emissions --- Energy Policy --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Environmental Policy --- Fertility --- Food Security --- Forests --- Fuels --- Greenhouse Gases --- Gross Domestic Product --- Gross National Income --- Groundwater --- Human Capital --- Indoor Air Pollution --- Industrial Emissions --- International Cooperation --- Land Tenure --- Logging --- Low-Income Countries --- Market Economy --- Meat --- Migration --- Millennium Development Goals --- Mortality --- Natural Gas --- Natural Resources --- Natural Resources Management --- Particulate Matter --- Pesticides --- Population Growth --- Power Plants --- Property Rights --- Public Hearings --- Rainfall --- Renewable Energy --- Rural Development --- Rural Population --- Sanitation --- Soil Erosion --- Stationary Sources --- Streams --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Urban Population --- Urbanization --- User Fees --- Waste Management --- Water Resources Management --- World Health Organization