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Uruguay is a regional leader in the path toward social inclusion. Sustained economic growth and redistributive policies have made it the most egalitarian country in Latin America. However, some groups are still excluded. Afro-descendants, persons with disabilities, women particularly in female-headed households and LGBTI people are more likely to be excluded. They face unequal opportunities, lower accumulation of human capital and skills, and a lack of voice and agency to have their points of views and aspirations of development included in decision making. This translates into disadvantages in education, health, housing, political representation, and employment, among others, and a higher tendency to live in poorer regions and slums. Excluded groups are also confronted with glass ceilings in the job market, which result in lower incomes and fewer opportunities. Uruguay has a robust matrix of social policies and one of the highest levels of public social spending in the region, but atomization of social programs and lack of coordination between them compromises their effectiveness. Closing the remaining gaps is possible and may not require large additional spending. Very often, changes in preexisting programs is all it takes to make them more socially inclusive. Policies that put social inclusion at their core do not necessarily do more, but they do things differently.

Housing --- Indigenous Communities --- Inequality --- Poverty Reduction --- Social Analysis --- Social Development --- Social Inclusion --- Social Inclusion and Institutions

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Historiadores y antropólogos registran en este libro procesos históricos de formación de comunidades indígenas en la Patagonia. El objetivo de los artículos reunidos en esta compilación es observar la manera en que se redefinen, sobre el territorio, comunidades y colectivos mapuches y tehuelches a causa de las experiencias de arrinconamiento y desplazamiento constantes a las que esas comunidades fueron y son sometidas. Distintos tipos de relaciones y prácticas –parentesco, política, rituales– son enfocados en su relación con límites comunitarios que se abren a y de colectivos indígenas más amplios y se entraman regionalmente.

Ethnic Studies --- Sociology & Anthropology --- interculturalidad --- Patagonia --- pueblos originarios --- Tehuelches --- communautés autochtones --- Patagonie --- interculturalité --- peuples autochtones --- indigenous communities --- native people --- Mapuches

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Esta publicación presenta siete investigaciones sobre los procesos de sometimiento e incorporación de los pueblos originarios de las regiones patagónica, pampeana y chaqueña por parte del Estado argentino. Los autores discuten sobre conceptos centrales como los de genocidio, terrorismo y violencia de Estado. No obstante, abordan al mismo tiempo la participación de la sociedad civil en la concentración, la deportación y la distribución de indígenas, así como la acción de los mismos pueblos originarios en dichos procesos. En este último sentido, el carácter etnográfico de las investigaciones posibilita la recuperación de la memoria social silenciada en las narrativas nacionalistas y da entidad individual al proceso histórico. This publication presents seven investigations on the processes of submission and incorporation of the original peoples of the Patagonian, Pampa and Chaco regions by the Argentine State. The authors discuss central concepts such as genocide, terrorism and state violence. However, at the same time, they address the participation of civil society in the concentration, deportation and distribution of indigenous peoples, as well as the action of the indigenous peoples themselves in those processes. In this sense, the ethnographic nature of the investigations enables the recovery of social memory silenced in nationalist narratives and gives individual status to the historical process.

Indians of South America --- Genocide --- Violence against --- History --- Cleansing, Ethnic --- Ethnic cleansing --- Ethnic purification --- Ethnocide --- Purification, Ethnic --- Crime --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- Indigenous peoples --- Ethnology --- native people --- memory --- indigenous communities --- otherness --- genocide --- Patagonia --- Nation state

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Ecuador became the third largest receiver of the 4.3 million Venezuelans who left their country in the last five years, hosting around 10 percent of them. Little is known about the characteristics of these migrants and their labor market outcomes. This paper fills this gap by analyzing a new large survey (EPEC). On average, Venezuelan workers are highly skilled and have high rates of employment, compared with Ecuadorans. However, their employment is of much lower quality, characterized by low wages and high rates of informality and temporality. Venezuelans have experienced significant occupational downgrading, relative to their employment prior to emigration. As a result, despite their high educational attainment, Venezuelans primarily compete for jobs with the least skilled and more economically vulnerable Ecuadoran workers. Our simulations suggest that measures that allow Venezuelans to obtain employment that matches their skills, such as facilitating the conversion of education credentials, would increase Ecuador's GDP between 1.6 and 1.9 percent and alleviate the pressure on disadvantaged native workers. We also show that providing work permits to Venezuelan workers would substantially reduce their rates of informality and increase their average earnings.

Communities and Human Settlements --- Displaced Persons --- Exodus --- Human Migrations and Resettlements --- Indigenous Communities --- International Economics and Trade --- International Migration --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Labor Skills --- Migrants --- Migration and Development --- Poverty Reduction --- Refugees

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The authors focus is on the outstation movement of the 1970's, that drive by remote area Aboriginal groups in the centre and the north to escape from regimented and overcrowded community settlements, and consolidate a new life-path in the bush. Most of the outstations lie in the Northern Territory.

Regions & Countries - Australia & Pacific Islands - Oceania --- History & Archaeology --- Aboriginal Australians --- Social conditions --- Social life and customs --- Aboriginals, Australian --- Aborigines, Australian --- Australian aboriginal people --- Australian aboriginals --- Australian aborigines --- Australians, Aboriginal --- Australians, Native (Aboriginal Australians) --- Native Australians (Aboriginal Australians) --- Ethnology --- Indigenous peoples --- self-determination --- autonomy --- australian indigenous communities --- anthropology --- Aurukun --- Queensland --- Outstation movement --- Papunya --- Pintupi