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Innovation. --- Licences. --- Incumbent versus entrant. --- Limited dependent variables.

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Local government is the hidden leviathan of American politics: it accounts for nearly a tenth of gross domestic product, it collects nearly as much in taxes as the federal government, and its decisions have an enormous impact on Americans' daily lives. Yet political scientists have few explanations for how people vote in local elections, particularly in the smaller cities, towns, and suburbs where most Americans live. Drawing on a wide variety of data sources and case studies, this book offers the first comprehensive analysis of electoral politics in America's municipalities. Arguing that current explanations of voting behavior are ill suited for most local contests, Eric Oliver puts forward a new theory that highlights the crucial differences between local, state, and national democracies. Being small in size, limited in power, and largely unbiased in distributing their resources, local governments are "managerial democracies" with a distinct style of electoral politics. Instead of hinging on the partisanship, ideology, and group appeals that define national and state elections, local elections are based on the custodial performance of civic-oriented leaders and on their personal connections to voters with similarly deep community ties. Explaining not only the dynamics of local elections, Oliver's findings also upend many long-held assumptions about community power and local governance, including the importance of voter turnout and the possibilities for grassroots political change.

Democracy --- Local elections --- County elections --- Elections, County --- Elections, Local --- Elections, Municipal --- Municipal elections --- Election law --- Elections --- Law and legislation --- #SBIB:324H42 --- Politieke structuren: verkiezingen --- Ha, Shang E. --- Callen, Zachary. --- American 1 : --- General & Multiperiod. --- America. --- American government. --- American municipalities. --- American politics. --- bias. --- city council members. --- classical democratic theory. --- constitutive power. --- custodial performance. --- election results. --- electoral politics. --- grassroots politics. --- homevoters. --- incumbent. --- intermunicipal political exclusion. --- local community. --- local democracy. --- local elections. --- local governance. --- local government. --- local politicians. --- local politics. --- managerial democracy. --- municipal government. --- municipal governments. --- municipalities. --- national elections. --- national politics. --- political candidates. --- political dynamics. --- political engagement. --- political participation. --- population size. --- resource distribution. --- state elections. --- voter choice. --- voter turnout. --- voting behavior.

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Citizens are political simpletons--that is only a modest exaggeration of a common characterization of voters. Certainly, there is no shortage of evidence of citizens' limited political knowledge, even about matters of the highest importance, along with inconsistencies in their thinking, some glaring by any standard. But this picture of citizens all too often approaches caricature. Paul Sniderman and Benjamin Highton bring together leading political scientists who offer new insights into the political thinking of the public, the causes of party polarization, the motivations for political participation, and the paradoxical relationship between turnout and democratic representation. These studies propel a foundational argument about democracy. Voters can only do as well as the alternatives on offer. These alternatives are constrained by third players, in particular activists, interest groups, and financial contributors. The result: voters often appear to be shortsighted, extreme, and inconsistent because the alternatives they must choose between are shortsighted, extreme, and inconsistent. Facing the Challenge of Democracy features contributions by John Aldrich, Stephen Ansolabehere, Edward Carmines, Jack Citrin, Susanna Dilliplane, Christopher Ellis, Michael Ensley, Melanie Freeze, Donald Green, Eitan Hersh, Simon Jackman, Gary Jacobson, Matthew Knee, Jonathan Krasno, Arthur Lupia, David Magleby, Eric McGhee, Diana Mutz, Candice Nelson, Benjamin Page, Kathryn Pearson, Eric Schickler, John Sides, James Stimson, Lynn Vavreck, Michael Wagner, Mark Westlye, and Tao Xie.

Public opinion --- Political participation --- United States --- Politics and government --- 1950s sociology. --- 2008 National Annenberg Election Study. --- American party system. --- American politics. --- American public opinion. --- Election Day registration. --- George W. Bush. --- John McCain. --- NAES. --- Pure Independents. --- Sarah Palin. --- U.S. elections. --- U.S. senators. --- U.SЃhina relations. --- Who Votes?. --- activism. --- alternative modeling strategies. --- campaign strategy. --- candidate-centered campaigns. --- candidate-centered voting. --- challenger partisans. --- citizen competence. --- citizen preferences. --- citizens. --- civic engagement. --- closing dates. --- cognition. --- conflict of interest. --- congressional elections. --- conservative identification. --- cosmopolitan orientation. --- cosmopolitanism. --- democracy. --- democratic representation. --- election outcomes. --- electoral preferences. --- elite-driven theory. --- foreign policy. --- ideological conservatives. --- ideological consistency. --- ideological contradiction. --- ideological polarization. --- ideological shift. --- incumbent partisans. --- independent voter. --- independents. --- institution-free approach. --- institutions. --- issue preferences. --- job approval ratings. --- liberal policy preferences. --- mass belief systems. --- mass opinion. --- modern political campaigns. --- nonvoters. --- ordinary citizens. --- participatory bias. --- partisan bias. --- partisan differences. --- partisan differential. --- partisan polarization. --- party identification. --- party polarization. --- party-centered voting. --- polarization. --- policy preference heuristics. --- policy preferences. --- political activism. --- political behavior. --- political candidates. --- political consistency. --- political participation. --- political participations. --- political parties. --- political preferences. --- political right. --- political scientists. --- politically coherent choices. --- politics. --- public opinion surveys. --- public opinion. --- public. --- purposive belief systems. --- purposive reasoning. --- registration deadlines. --- roll-call behavior. --- social spaces. --- universal turnout. --- vote choice. --- vote misreporting. --- vote models. --- vote preference. --- vote validation study. --- voter turnout. --- voters. --- votes.

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"How poor migrants shape city politics during urbanization As the Global South rapidly urbanizes, millions of people have migrated from the countryside to urban slums, which now house one billion people worldwide. The transformative potential of urbanization hinges on whether and how poor migrants are integrated into city politics. Popular and scholarly accounts paint migrant slums as exhausted by dispossession, subdued by local dons, bought off by wily politicians, or polarized by ethnic appeals. Migrants and Machine Politics shows how slum residents in India routinely defy such portrayals, actively constructing and wielding political machine networks to demand important, albeit imperfect, representation and responsiveness within the country's expanding cities. Drawing on years of pioneering fieldwork in India's slums, including ethnographic observation, interviews, surveys, and experiments, Adam Michael Auerbach and Tariq Thachil reveal how migrants harness forces of political competition-as residents, voters, community leaders, and party workers-to sow unexpected seeds of accountability within city politics. This multifaceted agency provokes new questions about how political networks form during urbanization. In answering these questions, this book overturns longstanding assumptions about how political machines exploit the urban poor to stifle competition, foster ethnic favoritism, and entrench vote buying.By documenting how poor migrants actively shape urban politics in counterintuitive ways, Migrants and Machine Politics sheds new light on the political consequences of urbanization across India and the Global South"-- "As the Global South rapidly urbanizes, millions of people have migrated from the countryside to urban slums, which now house one billion people worldwide. The transformative potential of urbanization hinges on whether and how poor migrants are integrated into city politics. Popular and scholarly accounts paint migrant slums as exhausted by dispossession, subdued by local dons, bought off by wily politicians, or polarized by ethnic appeals. Migrants and Machine Politics shows how slum residents in India routinely defy such portrayals, actively constructing and wielding political machine networks to demand important, albeit imperfect, representation and responsiveness within the country's expanding cities. Drawing on years of pioneering fieldwork in India's slums, including ethnographic observation, interviews, surveys, and experiments, Adam Michael Auerbach and Tariq Thachil reveal how migrants harness forces of political competition-as residents, voters, community leaders, and party workers-to sow unexpected seeds of accountability within city politics. This multifaceted agency provokes new questions about how political networks form during urbanization. In answering these questions, this book overturns longstanding assumptions about how political machines exploit the urban poor to stifle competition, foster ethnic favoritism, and entrench vote buying. By documenting how poor migrants actively shape urban politics in counterintuitive ways, Migrants and Machine Politics sheds new light on the political consequences of urbanization across India and the Global South"--

Migration, Internal --- India --- Politics and government. --- Abolitionism. --- Accountant. --- Accra. --- Almoner. --- Amendment. --- Apprenticeship. --- At-will employment. --- Autarky. --- Autocracy. --- Azim Premji University. --- Barbarian. --- Bharatiya Janata Party. --- Bribery. --- Bureaucracy. --- Bureaucrat. --- Business Standard. --- Capitalism. --- Career. --- Chairman. --- Clientelism. --- Competition. --- Contentious politics. --- Cost–benefit analysis. --- Customer. --- Dividend. --- Economic Life. --- Economic Theory (journal). --- Economic problem. --- Electoral district. --- Emergence. --- Employment. --- Ethnography. --- Financier. --- Gang. --- Governance. --- Gram panchayat. --- Grassroots Party. --- Identity document. --- Identity politics. --- Incumbent. --- Jacksonian democracy. --- Jati. --- Jhunjhunu district. --- Laborer. --- Labour law. --- Legislator. --- Localism (politics). --- Mahatma Gandhi. --- Market economy. --- Nagar (princely state). --- Of Education. --- Opinion poll. --- Party system. --- Payment. --- People Power (Hong Kong). --- Peronism. --- Political campaign. --- Political climate. --- Political machine. --- Political myth. --- Political party. --- Political philosophy. --- Political science. --- Politician. --- Politics of India. --- Politics. --- Predatory lending. --- Preference (economics). --- Procurement. --- Profit motive. --- Profiteering (business). --- Racial hierarchy. --- Racism. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Regionalism (politics). --- Remainder (law). --- Rent-seeking. --- Reputation. --- Requirement. --- Respondent. --- Revenue. --- Rochdale Principles. --- Salary. --- Service Tax. --- Shopkeeper. --- Slavery. --- Slum. --- Social Darwinism. --- Social transformation. --- State government. --- Stationery. --- Supply (economics). --- Survey methodology. --- Tariff. --- Trade-off. --- Voting. --- Whigs (British political party). --- Workforce. --- Working class. --- Workplace.

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Spin Dictators traces how leaders such as Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew and Peru's Alberto Fujimori pioneered less violent, more covert, and more effective methods of monopolizing power. The book reveals why most of today's authoritarians are spin dictators--and how they differ from the remaining "fear dictators" such as Kim Jong-un and Bashar al-Assad, as well as from masters of high-tech repression like Xi Jinping.

Political systems --- BPB9999 --- BPB2210 --- dictatuur --- desinformatie --- censuur --- sensuuri --- ċensura --- cinsireacht --- λογοκρισία --- cenzūra --- Zensur --- cenzura --- censure --- cenzúra --- censurë --- censorship --- cenzură --- цензура --- censur --- tsensuur --- censura --- förhandsgranskning --- прелиминарна цензура --- předběžná cenzura --- následná cenzura --- автоцензура --- dezinformacja --- disinformaatio --- παραπληροφόρηση --- dezinformáció --- desinformação --- dezinformare --- desinformatsioon --- dezinformācija --- désinformation --- diżinformazzjoni --- дезинформација --- bréagaisnéis --- дезинформация --- keqinformim --- dezinformácia --- dezinformacija --- desinformación --- Desinformation --- disinformation --- disinformazione --- dezinformace --- desinformation --- погрешна информација --- viltus ziņa --- falske nyheder --- maldināšana --- αναληθές δημοσίευμα --- bulo --- fausses informations --- lažne vijesti --- nepnieuws --- fejknyheter --- noticias falsas --- ψευδείς ειδήσεις --- fałszywa informacja --- bufala --- știri false --- falošné správy --- aħbarijiet foloz --- notizie false --- potegavščina --- fake news --- неточна информација --- álhír --- embuste --- qerq --- falešná informace --- nieprawdziwe informacje --- nepravdivá informace --- невярна информация --- falska nyheter --- Falschmeldung --- pettus --- gezielte Falschmeldungen --- libauudised --- fakenieuws --- melagingos naujienos --- canular --- bluff --- hamis információ --- измислица --- menzogna --- boato --- falešné zprávy --- misinformation --- лажна информација --- melagingi pranešimai --- valeuutiset --- hoax --- lažna vijest --- фалшиви новини --- Hoax --- lažne novice --- notícia falsa --- diktatur --- dictatorship --- δικτατορία --- diktatuur --- diktatúra --- diktatūra --- Diktatur --- dictatură --- deachtóireacht --- diktatuuri --- diktatura --- ditadura --- dictadura --- dittatura --- диктатура --- diktaturë --- dictature --- dyktatura --- диктаторски режим --- diktátorství --- diktátori rendszer --- апсолутна власт --- régimen dictatorial --- авторитарна власт --- regime dittatoriale --- diktatórikus rendszer --- неограничена власт --- parancsuralom --- режим --- vláda neomezené moci --- mal-information --- Authoritarianism. --- Dictators. --- Mass media --- Mass media Political aspects --- Political aspects --- Communication in politics --- Tyrants --- Heads of state --- Political science --- Authority --- Political aspects. --- Despotism. --- félretájékoztatás --- škodlivá informácia --- informare rău-voitoare --- informazzjoni ħażina --- informare greșită --- irreführende Information --- misinformaatio --- väärinfo --- zlonamerne informacije --- hamis tájékoztatás --- má informação --- väärä tieto --- mífhaisnéis --- informacja szkodliwa --- neúmyselne nepravdivá informácia --- virheellinen tieto --- bevidst misinformation --- misinformatie --- pogrešna informacija --- miżinformazzjoni --- informação errada --- nepareiza informācija --- εσφαλμένη πληροφόρηση --- maldinoša informācija --- nesprávná informace --- falsk information --- klaidinga informacija --- pakenkti skirta informacija --- información falsa --- informacja wprowadzająca w błąd --- mésinformation --- drochfhaisnéis --- Fehlinformation --- zavádějící informace --- napačne informacije --- malinformazione --- lažna informacija --- Falschinformation --- κακόβουλη πληροφόρηση --- Schadinformation --- información errónea --- cattiva informazione --- Propaganda. --- Spin doctors. --- Autoritarisme. --- Dictateurs. --- Propagande. --- Activism. --- Alberto Fujimori. --- Amnesty International. --- Animal Farm. --- António de Oliveira Salazar. --- Appellate Body. --- Aristocracy. --- Autocracy. --- Ayatollah. --- Ballot. --- Beijing. --- Bersih. --- Bill Clinton. --- Burberry. --- Censorship. --- Communism. --- Communist state. --- Corruption. --- Currency. --- Debt. --- Dictatorship. --- Disinformation. --- Dissident. --- Economic development. --- Economy of the Soviet Union. --- El Comercio (Peru). --- Electronic media. --- Enlace. --- Entrepreneurship. --- Erich Honecker. --- Estado Novo (Portugal). --- External debt. --- Flagellation. --- Flattery. --- Foreign direct investment. --- Fraud. --- Freelancer. --- French Revolution. --- Gastarbeiter. --- Google Translate. --- Ideology. --- Immigration. --- Income. --- Incumbent. --- Industrial society. --- Infrastructure. --- Institution. --- International law. --- Isaias Afwerki. --- Jeune Afrique. --- Judicial deference. --- Kazakhstan. --- Language interpretation. --- Lee Kuan Yew. --- Legitimation. --- Leninism. --- Liberal democracy. --- Liberalism. --- Liberia. --- Life and Fate. --- Loyalty. --- Lyndon B. Johnson. --- Marketing. --- Mexico City. --- Military. --- Moscow Metro. --- Multilateralism. --- National Front Party (Libya). --- Newspaper. --- Norbert Elias. --- Nursultan Nazarbayev. --- Opinion poll. --- Persuasion (novel). --- Politics. --- Presidente (beer). --- Print Media. --- Printing. --- Red Army Faction. --- Respondent. --- Robert Mundell. --- Rule of thumb. --- Ruler. --- Security forces. --- Shame. --- Silvio Berlusconi. --- Soviet Union. --- State of emergency. --- Supermajority. --- Supporter. --- Terrorism. --- The Law Firm. --- United States dollar. --- Vladimir Putin. --- Voting. --- War. --- Waterboarding. --- Wealth. --- Work of art. --- Workforce. --- AUTHORITARIANISM --- DICTATORS --- MASS MEDIA--POLITICAL ASPECTS --- PROPAGANDA