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Since the early 2000s, after a long period of wide and persistent gaps, Latin America has experienced a steady decline in income inequality. This paper presents evidence of a trend reversal in labor income inequality, which is considered the main factor behind such a decline in income inequality across the region. The analysis shows that, while labor income inequality increased during the 1990s, with heterogeneous experiences across countries, it fell in a synchronized way across countries beginning in the early 2000s. This systematic decline was supported by an expansion in real hourly earnings among the bottom of the wage distribution and, to a lesser extent, the middle part of the earnings distribution, thus reducing upper and lower tail inequality. This trend reversal is explained by a lower dispersion of earnings among workers with observable different attributes and by a much less extensive dispersion of residual labor inequality. Regarding the earnings differentials among workers with observable different attributes, the analysis concludes that the decline in labor inequality in Latin America has been closely associated with a reduction in the college/primary education premium and in the urban-rural earnings gap, coupled with a steady drop in the high school/primary education premium, which accelerated markedly since the 2000s, as well as a reduction in the experience premium across all age groups.

Education Premium --- Experience Premium --- Inequality --- Labor Incomes

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In the 2000s, global inequality fell for the first time since the Industrial Revolution, driven by a decline in the dispersion of average incomes across countries. Between 1988 and 2008, a period of rapidly increasing global integration, income growth was largest for the global top 1 percent and for country-deciles in Asia, often in the upper halves of the national distributions, while the poorer deciles in rich countries lagged behind. Although within-country inequality increased in population-weighted terms, for the average developing country the rise in inequality slowed down in the second half of the 2000s. However, like any analysis based on household surveys, these results could miss important increases in inequality if they are concentrated at the top. These data constraints remain especially serious in developing countries where only very limited information on the top tail exists, especially regarding capital incomes.

Global Inequality --- Globalization --- Income Distribution --- Inequality --- Top Incomes

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Évalués à environ 25 000, les photographes professionnels font face, depuis une quinzaine d’années, à des changements importants liés à la diffusion des nouvelles technologies numériques, qui ont redéfini les pratiques de toute une profession. La mutation des conditions de création, de production et de diffusion de la photographie s’est traduite par une dérégulation du marché de la photographie et par une fragilisation du cadre juridique qui garantissait auparavant les revenus des photographes. L’étude est fondée sur une enquête menée auprès d’un échantillon de 3 000 photographes et sur de nombreux entretiens avec des professionnels. Elle présente les caractéristiques sociodémographiques de cette population professionnelle en expansion depuis quinze ans (+ 37%) qui se renouvelle en se féminisant. Elle décrit la diversité des statuts professionnels, juridiques et fiscaux qui encadrent l’exercice du métier de photographe et les conditions de l’activité : positionnement sur le marché, revenus nets d’activité, évolution des techniques photographiques. Enfin, l’étude décrit les représentations que les professionnels ont de leur métier et de son avenir : adaptation nécessaire aux innovations technologiques, concurrence de la photographie en amateur par exemple, et les attentes qu’ils ont exprimées, notamment en termes de simplification des régimes sociaux et fiscaux, d’accès à la formation professionnelle continue et de protection du droit du photographe auteur. France's 25,000 professional photographers have, over the last 15 years, been facing considerable changes related to new digital technology, which have redefined the practices of the entire profession. The changing ways in which photography is created, produced and disseminated have resulted in a deregulated photography market and a weakening of that legal framework which previously secured photographers' incomes. This study is based on a survey conducted amongst a representative sample of 3 000 photographers…

Art --- Business --- emploi culturel --- photographie --- droits d'auteur --- revenus --- marché --- formation professionnelle --- cultural employment --- incomes --- authors rights --- photography

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Using social tables, the author makes an estimate of global inequality (inequality among world citizens) in the early 19th century. The analysis shows that the level and composition of global inequality have changed over the past two centuries. The level has increased, reaching a high plateau around the 1950s, and the main determinants of global inequality have become differences in mean country incomes rather than inequalities within nations. The inequality extraction ratio (the percentage of total inequality that was extracted by global elites) has remained surprisingly stable, at around 70 percent of the maximum global Gini, during the past 100 years.

Average income --- Average incomes --- Economic review --- Equity and Development --- Growth rates --- Historical perspective --- Household surveys --- Income --- Income distribution --- Income distribution data --- Income distributions --- Income inequality --- Income levels --- Incomes --- Inequality --- International Economics & Trade --- Mean income --- Mean incomes --- Policy research --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Reduction --- Power parity --- Public policy --- Public Sector Development --- Real growth --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Trade Policy

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March 2000 - In subjective surveys, people who become ill or lose their jobs report reduced well-being, even if they later get a job. Perhaps their exposure to uninsured risk outside the formal employment sector reduces their expectations about future income. Do potential biases cloud the inferences that can be drawn from subjective surveys? Ravallion and Lokshin argue that the welfare inferences drawn from subjective answers to questions on qualitative surveys are clouded by concerns about the structure of measurement errors and how latent psychological factors influence observed respondent characteristics. They propose a panel data model that allows more robust tests. In applying the model to high-quality panel data for Russia for 1994-96, they find that some results widely reported in past studies of subjective well-being appear to be robust but others do not. Household income, for example, is a highly significant predictor of self-rated economic welfare; per capita income is a weaker predictor. Ill health and loss of a job reduce self-reported economic welfare, but demographic effects are weak at a given current income. And the effect of unemployment is not robust. Returning to work does not restore a sense of welfare unless there is an income gain. The results imply that even transient unemployment brings the feeling of a permanent welfare loss, suggesting that high unemployment benefits do not attract people out of work but do discourage a return to work. This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the relationship between subjective and objective economic welfare. The authors may be contacted at mravallion@worldbank.org and mlokshin@worldbank.org.

Bank --- Current Income --- Economic Theory and Research --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Financial Support --- Future Incomes --- Household Income --- Household Incomes --- Income --- Incomes --- Inequality --- Information --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Money --- Monthly Income --- Personality Tra Personality Traits --- Population --- Poverty Diagnostics --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Monitoring and Analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Psychological Traits --- Questionnaire --- Savings --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Social Protections and Labor --- Unemployed --- Unemployment --- Welfare