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Income. --- Psychoanalysis. --- Psychoanalytic Theory. --- Money --- -Psychoanalysis --- Psychology --- Psychology, Pathological --- Currency --- Monetary question --- Money, Primitive --- Specie --- Standard of value --- Exchange --- Finance --- Value --- Banks and banking --- Coinage --- Currency question --- Gold --- Silver --- Silver question --- Wealth --- Psychoanalytical Theory --- Theory, Psychoanalytic --- Oral Character --- Character, Oral --- Characters, Oral --- Oral Characters --- Psychoanalytic Theories --- Psychoanalytical Theories --- Theories, Psychoanalytic --- Theories, Psychoanalytical --- Theory, Psychoanalytical --- Psychodynamic Analysis --- Analyses, Psychodynamic --- Analysis, Psychodynamic --- Psychodynamic Analyses --- Income Distribution --- Income Generation Programs --- Savings --- Distribution, Income --- Distributions, Income --- Income Distributions --- Income Generation Program --- Incomes --- Program, Income Generation --- Programs, Income Generation --- Financial Management --- Psychological aspects --- Psychoanalysis --- Income --- Psychoanalytic Theory

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Agroforestry is an intensive land management system involving the integration of tree management into crop and animal farming. It provides diverse ecosystem services by bridging agriculture, forestry, and husbandry to offer environmental, economic, and social benefits. In order to improve the benefits of agroforestry to meet development and climate goals, a systematic approach is necessary for understanding agroforestry practices, designing agroforestry policies and associated outcomes. Multiple methodologies, including systematic review and landscape restoration approaches, can be applied to analyzing agroforestry policies and ecosystem services derived from agroforestry practices. Therefore, this Special Issue focuses on systematic approaches to agroforestry policies, strategies, and practices. It includes case studies from several countries from Asia to explore economic, social, and environmental dimensions.

Agriculture & related industries --- agroforestry --- ecosystem services --- Asia-Pacific region --- systematic map --- agroforestry practices --- adoption determinants --- smallholder farmers --- Nepal --- bamboo handicraft --- bamboo --- income generation --- Laos --- sustainability --- value chain approach --- South Asia --- climate change --- mitigation --- adaptation --- policy --- REDD+ --- national determined contributions --- climate neutrality --- agroforestry systems --- Chure conservation --- livelihood --- community forestry --- agro-forest management --- interpretive structural modelling --- regional autonomy --- social forestry --- adoption --- perception --- behavioural controls --- ethnic minorities --- Viet Nam --- wild-simulated ginseng --- systematic review --- keyword analysis --- topic modelling --- non-timber forest products (NTFPs) --- land restoration --- carbon sequestration --- system adoption --- traditional homegardens --- agroforestry system --- biodiversity and carbon --- optical remote sensing --- food security --- resilience --- Timor-Leste --- Asia --- landscape restoration

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An appropriate rural investment climate (RIC) is essential for rural businesses to be successful and generate employment and income in their communities. Improving the investment climate could facilitate income-generation activities in both farm and nonfarm sectors, thus reducing rural poverty. Nonfarm sector focused growth, combined with agricultural growth, and has been shown by Delgado and others (1998) to have a significant impact on the local economy through the generation of employment and income. This study is the first to focus on both farm and nonfarm enterprises in its 2010 surveys of RIC in Yemen, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Mozambique unlike six previous RIC assessment (RICA) pilot projects that focused only on nonfarm enterprises. This report assesses the weaknesses and strengths of all RIC components in farm and nonfarm enterprises of the four countries surveyed, and recommends measures to address the weaknesses. The report identifies similar business obstacles for farm and nonfarm enterprises and four critical areas of the RIC to be improved. The results of the RICA are based on analyses of obstacles perceived by rural entrepreneurs and on assessments by RIC indicators, enterprise entry and exit, and enterprise performance. To have maximum synergy effects, farm and nonfarm enterprises should be promoted together.

Access to Finance --- Access to Information --- Accounting --- Agribusiness --- Agribusiness & Markets --- Agriculture --- Bankruptcy --- Capacity Building --- Collateral --- Commercial Banks --- Corruption --- Cost-Benefit analysis --- Economic Development --- Economies of Scale --- Entrepreneurs --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Financial Management --- Fiscal Policy --- Gender --- Household Income --- Human Capital --- Inequality --- Information Technology --- Insurance --- Interest Rates --- Investment Climate --- Knowledge Gaps --- Labor Market --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Marketing --- Microfinance Institutions --- Mobility --- Productivity --- Profitability --- Property Rights --- Public Service Delivery --- Roads --- Rural Development --- Rural Non-Farm Income Generation --- Rural Policies and Institutions --- Rural Services and Infrastructure --- Rural Transport --- Savings --- Technical Assistance --- Transaction Costs --- Transport --- Transport Costs --- Transport Economics Policy and Planning --- Urban Areas --- Vehicles --- Wages

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"The U.S. population is aging. Social Security projections suggest that between 2013 and 2050, the population aged 65 and over will almost double, from 45 million to 86 million. One key driver of population aging is ongoing increases in life expectancy. Average U.S. life expectancy was 67 years for males and 73 years for females five decades ago; the averages are now 76 and 81, respectively. It has long been the case that better-educated, higher-income people enjoy longer life expectancies than less-educated, lower-income people. The causes include early life conditions, behavioral factors (such as nutrition, exercise, and smoking behaviors), stress, and access to health care services, all of which can vary across education and income. Our major entitlement programs, Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, and Supplemental Security Income, have come to deliver disproportionately larger lifetime benefits to higher-income people because, on average, they are increasingly collecting those benefits over more years than others. This report studies the impact the growing gap in life expectancy has on the present value of lifetime benefits that people with higher or lower earnings will receive from major entitlement programs. The analysis presented in The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income goes beyond an examination of the existing literature by providing the first comprehensive estimates of how lifetime benefits are affected by the changing distribution of life expectancy. The report also explores, from a lifetime benefit perspective, how the growing gap in longevity affects traditional policy analyses of reforms to the nation?s leading entitlement programs. This in-depth analysis of the economic impacts of the longevity gap will inform debate and assist decision makers, economists, and researchers."--Publisher's description.

Life Expectancy --- Insurance --- Income --- Vital Statistics --- Financing, Organized --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Data Collection --- Demography --- Population Characteristics --- Economics --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Epidemiologic Measurements --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Health Care --- Information Science --- Public Health --- Investigative Techniques --- Environment and Public Health --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Life expectancy --- Population aging --- Income distribution --- Economic aspects --- Government policy --- E-books --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Information Sciences --- Science, Information --- Sciences, Information --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Epidemiologic Method --- Epidemiological Methods --- Methods, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiological Method --- Method, Epidemiologic --- Method, Epidemiological --- Methods, Epidemiological --- Epidemiology --- Measurements, Epidemiologic --- Epidemiologic Measurement --- Measurement, Epidemiologic --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Factors --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Factors, Economic --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Economic Factor --- Factor, Economic --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Accounting, Demographic --- Analyses, Demographic --- Analyses, Multiregional --- Analysis, Period --- Brass Technic --- Brass Technique --- Demographers --- Demographic Accounting --- Demographic Analysis --- Demographic Factor --- Demographic Factors --- Demographic Impact --- Demographic Impacts --- Demographic Survey --- Demographic Surveys --- Demographic and Health Surveys --- Demographics --- Demography, Historical --- Demography, Prehistoric --- Factor, Demographic --- Factors, Demographic --- Family Reconstitution --- Historical Demography --- Impact, Demographic --- Impacts, Demographic --- Multiregional Analysis --- Period Analysis --- Population Spatial Distribution --- Prehistoric Demography --- Reverse Survival Method --- Stable Population Method --- Survey, Demographic --- Surveys, Demographic --- Population Distribution --- Analyses, Period --- Analysis, Demographic --- Analysis, Multiregional --- Demographer --- Demographic Analyses --- Demographies, Historical --- Demographies, Prehistoric --- Distribution, Population --- Distribution, Population Spatial --- Distributions, Population --- Distributions, Population Spatial --- Family Reconstitutions --- Historical Demographies --- Method, Reverse Survival --- Method, Stable Population --- Methods, Reverse Survival --- Methods, Stable Population --- Multiregional Analyses --- Period Analyses --- Population Distributions --- Population Methods, Stable --- Population Spatial Distributions --- Prehistoric Demographies --- Reconstitution, Family --- Reconstitutions, Family --- Reverse Survival Methods --- Spatial Distribution, Population --- Spatial Distributions, Population --- Stable Population Methods --- Technic, Brass --- Technique, Brass --- Data Aggregation --- Data Collection Methods --- Dual Data Collection --- Aggregation, Data --- Collection Method, Data --- Collection Methods, Data --- Collection, Data --- Collection, Dual Data --- Data Collection Method --- Method, Data Collection --- Methods, Data Collection --- Medical History Taking --- Empirical Research --- Factors, Socioeconomic --- High-Income Population --- Inequalities --- Land Tenure --- Standard of Living --- Factor, Socioeconomic --- High Income Population --- High-Income Populations --- Inequality --- Living Standard --- Living Standards --- Population, High-Income --- Populations, High-Income --- Socioeconomic Factor --- Tenure, Land --- Community Financing --- Grants --- Organized Financing --- Financing, Community --- Grant --- Registration of Vital Statistics --- Registration, Vital Statistics --- Statistics, Vital --- Vital Statistics Registration --- Registrations, Vital Statistics --- Vital Statistics Registrations --- Income Distribution --- Income Generation Programs --- Savings --- Distribution, Income --- Distributions, Income --- Income Distributions --- Income Generation Program --- Incomes --- Program, Income Generation --- Programs, Income Generation --- Financial Management --- Indemnity --- Insurance Premiums --- Insurance Premium --- Premium, Insurance --- Premiums, Insurance --- Life Extension --- Years of Potential Life Lost --- Expectancies, Life --- Expectancy, Life --- Life Expectancies --- Longevity --- Mortality, Premature --- methods --- Older people --- Baby boom generation --- Economic conditions. --- Retirement --- Expectancy of life --- Expectation of life --- Life spans (Biology) --- Vital statistics --- Premature death --- Baby boomers --- Boomers, Baby --- Generation, Baby boom --- Post-war generation --- Postwar generation --- Generations --- Population --- Aging of population --- Aging population --- Aging society --- Demographic aging --- Graying (Demography) --- Greying (Demography) --- Age distribution (Demography)